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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Macroscopic and light microscopic features of regional ischemic infarcts of retina in autopsy eyes are described. Lesions were found throughout life span, most patients having significant primary or secondary vascular disease (younger had systemic hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, vasculitis or sickle hemoglobinopathy; most older patients had arteriosclerosis). Diabetes mellitus and infarction of other organs (including brain) also were common. Topographically almost all lesions were found in posterior fundus; most were temporal and involved anatomical macula. Microscopically there was destruction of inner retinal layers with preservation of outermost cells of inner nuclear layer; occasionally ganglion cell layer was relatively spared.
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PMID:Regional ischemic infarcts of the retina. 108 10

This study was made to determine whether zinc deficiency is one of the factors involved in growth retardation of infants of high-risk pregnancies. The high risk factors were hypertension of pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, congenital heart disease, chronic nephritis, rheumatic heart disease and hyperthyroidism. 102 neonatal infants were divided into 3 groups: breast fed group, 37 cases; test group, 32 cases formula-fed with supplementary zinc 1.14-2.28 mg/kg/d; and control group, 33 cases formula-fed and supplemented with Vitamin B complex as placebo. The groups were divided by double-blind and randomized method. There were no differences in the 3 groups in sex ratio, growth status and serum zinc concentration at the beginning of the study. Anthropometric data were obtained at 0, 3 and 6 months.
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PMID:Growth promoting effect of zinc supplementation in infants of high-risk pregnancies. 129 Dec 3

The study was undertaken to clinically assess the consequences of alcohol consumption in 'communal' drinking patients whose levels of alcohol consumption could not be determined accurately in grams of alcohol. The level of alcohol consumed by 100 adult 'communal' drinking medical patients per drinking session was scored on a scale 0-10. The score was based on a qualitative impression of how much alcohol was drunk, level of consciousness, behaviour and gait. The frequency of drinking days in a week was scored on a 0-7 scale. The duration of drinking in years prior to registration at the clinic was also recorded. The pattern of diseases among the drinkers was compared to that of 70 adult non-drinkers. The individual diseases were ranked to association with alcohol consumption by the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The drinkers attained a mean level score of 5.75 +/- 2.16, a frequency of 4.75 +/- 2.4 days but the duration of prior drinking varied greatly. Gout, dilated cardiomyopathy, epilepsy and hypertension ranked highest in that order to alcohol usage. Rheumatic heart disease and Diabetes mellitus ranked low. The probability significance were, for level score p = 0.005, frequency p = 0.016 and duration p = 0.001. This method was able to identify the morbid chronic medical diseases associated with alcohol usage in 'communal' drinkers. There is a need to evaluate it against a known screening instrument like the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
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PMID:A clinical assessment of the consequences of alcohol consumption in 'communal' drinkers in the Zimbabwean Midlands. 129 68

With improvements in life expectancy and as more and more people have access to modern medicine, non-communicable diseases are emerging as a health problem in both urban and rural communities in Myanmar. Of all non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are known to be the major health problem. Since many studies that have been conducted in both developed and developing countries have shown a difference between rural and urban communities with regard to cardiovascular diseases, our study had the objective of finding out the prevalence of ischemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease and rheumatic heart disease in a rural and urban community. The risk of obesity and smoking in the occurrence of CVD was also studied. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three urban townships of Yangon City (Sanchaung, Latha and Pabedan) and one rural township of Hmawbi. The results showed that CVD were a health problem in both the urban and rural communities. Coronary heart disease was seen to be more prevalent in the urban townships than in the rural Hmawbi Township, but hypertension (HT) and rheumatic heart diseases (RHD) were more prevalent in the rural township of Hmawbi. Obesity which has been blamed as the major risk factor for CHD and HT in the developed countries was not found to be a risk factor in the study townships, but smoking was.
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PMID:Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in rural area of Hmawbi and urban Yangon city. 134 45

Atrial fibrillation is a common disorder and the incidence increases with each decade of life. Previously, rheumatic mitral valve disease has been the condition most highly associated with atrial fibrillation. However, with the decreasing incidence of rheumatic heart disease, other conditions have assumed greater importance and now congestive cardiac failure, coronary artery disease, and hypertension are the most commonly associated conditions. Nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation is associated with an approximately five-fold increase in the risk of ischemic stroke and a 5% to 7% yearly risk that increases with age. In addition, atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased incidence of silent cerebral infarction and increased mortality. However, whether atrial fibrillation is independently associated with the risk of stroke or is a marker of underlying cardiac disease is contentious. Until recently, the use of preventive therapy has been controversial. However, data from four recently published, prospective randomized studies clearly support the use of warfarin prophylaxis in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Within the diverse group of patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation there are high and low risk subgroups and identification of these may influence decisions regarding antithrombotic prophylaxis. With a few exceptions, however, this remains an area in which there are contradictory findings in the literature. The role of aspirin for prophylaxis in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation remains unclear and further evaluation awaits the publication of ongoing studies.
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PMID:Atrial fibrillation: epidemiology and the risk and prevention of stroke. 138 92

A study of the functional state of the pressor sympathetic-adrenal and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in 112 patients with rheumatic heart disease associated with systemic arterial hypertension indicates that changes in the activity of pressor humoral systems depended on the pathogenetic form of arterial hypertension, phase of arterial hypertension and severity of hemodynamic disorders. These was a close correlation between the excretion of noradrenalin, plasma renin activity and aldosteron concentration indicating that these two humoral systems change in the same direction and confirm their undoubted participation in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension in rheumatic heart disease.
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PMID:[Humoral pressor substances in a constellation of rheumatic heart defects with systemic arterial hypertension]. 167 15

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and has a prognosis similar to that of several malignancies. There are increasing trends in both prevalence and incidence rates of CHF which points towards CHF becoming a major community health problem. Early detection of CHF is dependent upon criteria to define the initial stages of a condition which progresses slowly over many years. In western countries the dominant causes of CHF are hypertension and coronary heart disease, which account for more than 75% of the cases. Other precursors are diabetes and rheumatic heart disease. Independent risk factors for CHF are hypertension, smoking, obesity, and psychological stress. Early detection of CHF through identification of early symptoms such as dyspnea on exertion, treatment of known heart diseases, and treatment of risk factors may prevent its progress. Epidemiological data indicate that primary preventive efforts should be directed against hypertension, smoking and obesity. A multiple risk factor interventional approach seems to yield the best result since these risk factors act synergistically.
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PMID:Epidemiology and prognosis of heart failure. 179 25

Congestive heart failure is a syndrome with multiple causes and manifestations. While rheumatic heart disease and hypertension are in decline, coronary artery disease is the leading cause in patients referred for evaluation of heart failure. Decrease in cardiac contractility and general neurohormonal activation, which trigger alterations in mechanical and biochemical factors in cardiac muscle and bring derangements of haemodynamics, are now considered as excessively early compensatory mechanisms which can be regarded as deleterious in patients with heart failure. Therapeutic principles illustrated in this article emphasize the importance of basic research and clinical observations derived from trials set the stage for therapeutic interventions. The approach to the patient with silent myocardial dysfunction must be treated so as to have the greatest beneficial impact on the prognosis of this disease.
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PMID:New therapeutic strategies in the management of congestive heart failure. 180 81

Mortality statistics of Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1950-1989 have been studied in relation to cardiovascular diseases, with particular emphasis on coronary heart disease as an important cause of death. It was observed that among six major disease groups reviewed, cardiovascular diseases which occupied third place as a cause of death in 1950 emerged as the number one killer during the 1970s and has remained so since (with exception in 1980). In contrast, infectious diseases which ranked first in 1950 dropped to fourth position in 1980. Between 1960 and 1980, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases was higher in males than in females. This tendency became less apparent during 1985-1989. With reference to race, the incidence of cardiovascular deaths was highest in Indians followed by Chinese and Malays. Among the specific cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases accounted for the main causes of mortality. Mortality due to coronary heart disease has increased by more than three fold over the last 40 years and is still rising. However, mortality incidence due to rheumatic heart disease and hypertension decreased during the same period. In 1965, mortality due to coronary heart disease was highest in the 55-59 age group. In recent years (1985 to 1989), it shifted to the older age group (i.e. 65-69). There was a tendency for higher mortality due to coronary heart disease in males compared to females. Indians had a higher mortality due to coronary heart disease than Chinese and Malays.
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PMID:Cardiovascular mortality in Peninsular Malaysia: 1950-1989. 756 97

We studied the pattern and outcome of strokes in 200 Saudi patients. Cerebral infarction constituted 87% of strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage 4.5%, cerebral hemorrhage 6.5%, and venous infarction 2%. The vessel most commonly involved was part or all of the middle cerebral artery, constituting 52% (90) of the 174 arterial infarcts. Lacunar infarcts were seen in 21% (37) of the patients with arterial infarcts. Among all 200 patients, 8% died and 8% had secondary generalized seizures. Hypertension occurred in 41% of the 174 patients with arterial infarcts and 62% of the 13 with cerebral hemorrhages. The highest incidence of hypertension as a risk factor was among those with lacunar infarcts (81%), ganglionic cerebral hemorrhages (80%), and infarcts of deep branches of the middle cerebral artery (57%). Embolic infarcts due to rheumatic heart disease constituted 11% of all arterial infarcts. We conclude that our pattern of strokes is similar to that of the west rather than that of the Japanese, but with less frequent arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms.
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PMID:Cerebrovascular disease in Saudi Arabia. 192 60


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