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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Based on ophthalmoscopic findings, 30 toxemic patients were divided into three types: R-type; retinal vascular occlusion type, C-type; choroidal vascular occlusion type, R + C-type; mixed vascular occlusion type. R-type (5 cases) and R + C-type (7 cases) significantly correlated to superimposed preeclampsia. C-type (18 cases) significantly correlated to preeclampsia (pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder: PIH). Clinical examinations (urine protein, platelet, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation product, partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time) had no relation to the types of ophthalmoscopic classification. It was concluded that preeclampsia (PIH) and superimposed preeclampsia have different influences on the ocular fundus.
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PMID:[The relationship between ophthalmoscopic changes and classification of toxemia in toxemia of pregnancy]. 224 73

After years of episodic monocular visual loss, two migraineurs suffered sudden, persisting loss of vision from retinal vascular occlusion. One was a 34-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who showed abnormalities of the cilioretinal arterial and retinal venous circulations. The other was a 62-year-old man with hypertension and arteriosclerosis who had a central retinal vein occlusion. Persisting monocular visual loss is a rare consequence of migraine. Our cases suggest a role for venous lesions. Occlusion of retinal vessels in some migraineurs may result from the synergistic effect of another vascular disorder with the migraine.
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PMID:Vascular retinopathy in migraine. 394 97

Central retinal artery occlusion occurs most commonly between the ages of 50 and 70 years, and nearly one-half (45%) of patients also have carotid artery disease. Other causes of vision-threatening vascular disease include atherosclerosis, embolism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and valvular disease. Symptoms vary, depending on the ocular structures involved. The patient's symptoms are an important clue to the diagnosis of peripheral or posterior retinal vascular occlusion, macular blood vessel disease, intravitreal hemorrhage, optic nerve ischemia, and ocular ischemic syndrome. The patient's ocular symptoms should lead to investigation for clinical signs of ocular vascular disease (eg, hemorrhage, "hard" or "soft" exudates, neovascularization, retinal edema, pallor, emboli, vessel narrowing, or atriovenous crossing changes).
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PMID:Ocular vascular disease: in-office primary care diagnosis. 843 37

Retinal vascular occlusions are the second most common retinal vascular diseases following diabetic retinopathy. Central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion are most often caused by emboli. The mean age of patients with retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion is 62 and 58 years, respectively. The most common risk factors are arterial hypertension (65%), diabetes mellitus (25%), valvular diseases of the heart (25%), and carotid artery stenosis or plaques (45%). Rare causes are arteritis and vascular spasm. The pathogenesis of retinal branch vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion remains speculative. Two different mechanisms have been postulated, i.e. thrombosis in the vein due to a compression by atherosclerotic changes in the adjacent artery and a local alteration of the blood flow due to unfavourable physiologic factors. Retinal vein occlusion manifests at a mean age of 65 years. The most common risk factors are arterial hypertension in 34-75% and primary open angle glaucoma in 2.1-82%. In 5.6% of the patients with retinal branch vein occlusion retinal vasculitis is present.
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PMID:[Risk factors for retinal occlusive diseases]. 944 8

Retinal vascular abnormalities were studied in 194 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). All patients fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association criteria for SLE. The mean age of patients was 31.9 +/- 9.7 years (17-63 years), women falling ill 5 times more often than men. Retinal vascular abnormalities were found in 67 (34.5%) patients and were as follows: retinal angiopathy (80.6%), cotton-wool spots (10.4%), occlusion of central vein or its branches (3%), occlusion of a retinal artery branch (4.5%), and retinal vasculitis with extensive peripheral capillary nonperfusion and neovascularization (3%). In general, retinal vascular occlusions were found in 6.7% of all SLE patients and in 19.4% of SLE patients with retinal vascular changes. Retinal vascular occlusions in SLE patients were associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Retinopathy did not depend on systemic hypertension or duration of SLE but correlated with disease activity. Small retinal vessels were involved more often than large vessels (p < 0.0395) and arteries more often than veins (p = 0.0338). Visual outcomes were better in patients with cotton-wool spots than in those with severe retinal vaso-occlusive disease (0.92 +/- 0.09 and 0.15 +/- 0.13, respectively, p < 0.0000).
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PMID:[Characteristics of retinal vascular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus]. 1151 Jan 58

To investigate the possible relationship between hyperhomocysteinaemia and retinal vascular occlusion, we measured plasma homocysteine levels in 25 patients with a history of retinal vascular occlusion in the previous 2 years and in a control group of 24. The difference in mean plasma homocysteine levels was not statistically significant. All except 5 of the cases had hypertension, diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidaemia. Most of the patients had branch retinal vein occlusion associated with recent onset of occlusion. Factors such as emotional status and associated systemic disease may play a role in predisposition of retinal vascular occlusion, so more-precise studies are needed to determine the possible risk factors of hyperhomocysteinaemia in retinal vascular occlusion.
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PMID:Hyperhomocysteinaemia: risk of retinal vascular occlusion. 1633 56

Interferon (INF)-associated retinopathy occurs in 15-64% of INF-treated patients, transforming this complication into a significant risk for visual impairment. This retinopathy has been described as an ocular complication with a variable clinical course, usually benign and asymptomatic. The most common findings are hemorrhages and cotton wool spots. Atypical ocular side effects include branch or central retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, optic disc edema, neovascular glaucoma and vitreous hemorrhage. Some case series suggest that in most cases the clinical course of the disease is benign, asymptomatic and without long-term consequences and therefore do not recommend any specific treatment; they only recommend the discontinuation of INF in patients with severe manifestations or risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes mellitus. The case reported here presents an atypical manifestation of INF-associated retinopathy consisting of a mixed retinal vascular occlusion (arterial and venous), associated with severe occlusive inflammatory microangiopathy with extensive retinal damage by ischemia and a torpid clinical course despite suspension of treatment. These varieties of occlusive vascular events have not yet been found simultaneously in the literature and neither with an unfavorable clinical course. Although the clinical course of INF-associated retinopathy in most cases is asymptomatic, there may be complications with risk to vision, which is less common. The magnitude and severity of the consequences associated with INF therapy are to be determined in prospective further studies.
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PMID:Mixed vascular occlusion in a patient with interferon-associated retinopathy. 2132 40

Hypertension has profound effects on various parts of the eye. Classically, elevated blood pressure results in a series of retinal microvascular changes called hypertensive retinopathy, comprising of generalized and focal retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms and, in severe cases, optic disc and macular edema. Studies have shown that mild hypertensive retinopathy signs are common and seen in nearly 10% of the general adult non-diabetic population. Hypertensive retinopathy signs are associated with other indicators of end-organ damage (for example, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal impairment) and may be a risk marker of future clinical events, such as stroke, congestive heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Furthermore, hypertension is one of the major risk factors for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, and control of blood pressure has been shown in large clinical trials to prevent visual loss from diabetic retinopathy. In addition, several retinal diseases such as retinal vascular occlusion (artery and vein occlusion), retinal arteriolar emboli, macroaneurysm, ischemic optic neuropathy and age-related macular degeneration may also be related to hypertension; however, there is as yet no evidence that treatment of hypertension prevents vision loss from these conditions. In management of patients with hypertension, physicians should be aware of the full spectrum of the relationship of blood pressure and the eye.
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PMID:How does hypertension affect your eyes? 2150 40

Retinal vascular occlusion is the most common cause of retinopathy leading to severe visual loss in all age groups. Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is usually seen in older age group and is often associated with systemic vascular diseases. Although the exact cause and effect relationship has not been proven, central retinal vein occlusion has been associated with various systemic pathological conditions, hence a direct review of systems toward the various systemic and local factors predisposing the central retinal vein occlusion is advocated. We describe the development of central retinal venous occlusion with associated cystoid macular edema (CME) in two healthy infertile women who were recruited for in vitro fertilization cycle for infertility. Predisposing risk factors associated with central retinal vein occlusion are obesity, sedentary life style, smoking, and some systemic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, associated autoimmune disorders e.g., antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, lupus, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, bleeding or clotting disorders, vasculitis, closed-head trauma, alcohol consumption, primary open-angle glaucoma or angle-closure glaucoma. In our patients, they were ruled out afterdoing allpertaining investigations. The cases were managed with further avoidance of oral contraceptives and intra-vitreal injections of Bevacizumab (Avastin), an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF drug) and Triamcinolone acetonide (a long acting synthetic steroid). Hence, even if no systemic diseases are detected. Physical examinations are recommended periodically for young women on oral contraceptive pills.
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PMID:Oral contraceptive pills: A risk factor for retinal vascular occlusion in in-vitro fertilization patients. 2386 59

Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vision-threatening eye conditions including retinal vascular occlusion, retinal macroaneurysm and non arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. In addition, hypertension may exacerbate the vision-threatening effects of diabetic retinopathy and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The effects of sustained hypertension are directly visible in the eye as hypertensive retinopathy and choroidopathy, reflecting a pathological process occurring throughout the body. Close collaboration between ophthalmologists and general practitioners/physicians is needed to ensure that hypertensive patients are identified and treated. Timely intervention in these patients may reduce the risk of both vision-threatening and systemic complications.
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PMID:Hypertensive eye disease: a review. 2799 Jul 40


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