Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Disease prevention through dietary management is a cost-effective approach to promoting healthy aging. Fats, cholesterol, soluble fiber, and the trace elements copper and chromium affect the morbidity and mortality of CHD. Decreasing sodium and increasing potassium intake improves control of hypertension. Calcium and magnesium may also have a role in controlling hypertension. The antioxidant vitamins A and beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and the trace mineral selenium may protect against types of cancer. A decrease in simple carbohydrates and an increase in soluble dietary fiber may normalize moderately elevated blood glucose levels. Deficiencies of zinc or iron diminish immune function. Adequate levels of calcium and vitamin D can help prevent senile osteoporosis in both older men and women.
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PMID:Preventive nutrition: disease-specific dietary interventions for older adults. 142 12

The nutritional roles, requirements, and metabolism and the quantitative relationship between dietary intakes and health for a number of the minerals and trace elements have been more clearly defined in recent years, but there are still considerable deficiencies in our understanding of these issues, e.g., the significance of calcium in the etiology and treatment of osteoporosis and hypertension. Reliable information is now available on the content, and the principal factors affecting it, of most of the minerals and trace elements in human and cow's milks. However, for some of the trace elements, there is still a wide variation in reported values in the literature, which is due, at least in part, to analytical difficulties. The contribution of cow milk and milk products to the diet in Western countries is significant for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and iodine. Iodine is the only trace element for which there has been any suggestion of excessive amounts in cow milk. However, there is evidence of a decline in milk iodine concentrations in the United States in recent years, although the situation in other countries less clear. Breast milk usually has adequate mineral and trace element contents for feeding full-term infants, with the exceptions of fluoride, for which supplementation of infants is recommended, and of selenium in some countries, such as Finland and New Zealand, where maternal intakes are low. However, breast milk selenium contents have increased in these countries in recent years due to increased maternal selenium intakes. The concentrations of minerals and trace elements in infant formulas for full-term infants are generally higher than in human milk, and all appear to be more than adequate, with the possible exception of selenium, which may need to be increased in some formulas. Considerable changes in the mineral and trace element contents of formulas have been instituted in recent years in the light of improved knowledge of infant requirements. While the chemical forms of the macrominerals and some of the trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) in milks are fairly well defined, the forms of many of the trace elements are unknown. Sodium, potassium, chloride, and iodine are believed to be almost totally absorbed from milks and infant formulas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Minerals and trace elements in milk. 149 49

RU-486 or mifepristone is best known as an antiprogestin and an abortifacient, but it has broad medical applicability. The drug is also a potent blocker of corticosteroid receptors, and it has shown promise in the treatment of breast cancer, inoperable meningioma, and cushing's disease. Cushing's is a model for the symptomatology of aging which may involve enhanced response to corticosteroid. RU-486 has reversed the osteoporosis, thinning of skin, muscle atrophy, obesity, adult onset diabetes, depression, hypertension, and immunosuppression associated with this disease. RU-486 may be of value in aiding cervical dilation, lactation, and the treatment of endometriosis. In addition, breast, bowel, kidney tumors, hepatomas, endometrial cancer, and fibrosarcomas can show corticosteroid dependency, suggesting that RU-486 may have clinical value against inoperable tumors. In a preliminary 1987 phase I study, in estrogen-positive, chemotherapy-refractory breast cancer patients in Montpelier, France, Ru-486 produced objective tumor regression (6 of 22) that was prolonged (3 months) in 4 patients. Clinical relief of bone pain was observed in 7 of 23 patients with a decline in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor makers in 8 patients. Growing in vitro data also show that RU-486 can directly inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. RU-486 has application for HIV infection, based on data that there is a serum factor in AIDS patients that enhances corticosteroid lympholysis. IN addition, the immune restorative action of RU-486 suggests that it could counteract the immunosuppression seen in aging, in cancer, or in viral or stress-related disease, which has recently focused clinical attention on its potential in the treatment of senile dementia and depression. Scientific conferences and workshops are needed to alert scientists, physicians, and the public to the potential medical benefits of this drug.
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PMID:RU 486: how abortion politics have impacted on a potentially useful drug of broad medical application. 150 96

Nutrition has always been a subject of great interest to athletes. In recent years use of exercise has, however, expanded from competitive sports to prevention/management of chronic diseases and maintenance of optimal health. Exercise is recommended in the prevention/management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity, mental health, colon cancer, stroke and back injury. Similarly, there is evidence that certain nutrients (e.g., vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and calcium) may reduce the risk of certain cancers, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, hypertension and cataract. Thus, there seems to be concordance between the health benefits of exercise and certain nutrients. However, several human and animal studies suggest that strenuous exercise may promote free radical production, leading to lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. On the other hand, there is evidence that vitamins C and E and beta-carotene may protect against such damage. Thus, concordance between the health benefits of exercise and nutrition and a compensatory role of antioxidant nutrients against the potentially harmful effects of exercise suggests that nutrition and exercise should form important components of any regimen for prevention of chronic diseases and/or promotion of optimal health.
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PMID:A current perspective on nutrition and exercise. 154 45

We experienced 41 cases of Cushing's syndrome (12 males and 29 females, 15 years old - 65 years old) during the last 20 years. These included 20 patients with unilateral adrenal adenoma (Cushing's syndrome), 19 patients with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing's disease), one patient with adrenal carcinoma and one patient with primary adrenocortical nodular dysplasia (PAND). Moreover, these cases included some special ones, i.e. 5 cases with destructive thyroiditis after treatment, 2 cases with aggravation of arthritis after treatment, a case of Carney's complex with PAND, one case with paradoxical response to dexamethasone, and one case combined with empty sella syndrome. The most specific clinical signs were moon face (95% occurrence), hypertension (95%) and subcutaneous bruising (80%). Other significant signs were eye edema (66%), buffalo hump (68%), subcutaneous purpura (63%) and osteoporosis (49%). Skin striae was not a common sign in our cases (41%). Renal stone was observed in only 20% of our patients but was a significant sign in this syndrome. There was no difference in the occurrence of each clinical sign between Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease. The elevation of white blood cell count (WBC) and serum sodium, a decrease of serum potassium, and a decrease of reabsorption of phosphate (%TRP) were observed. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and human growth hormone (HGH) were suppressed in patients with Cushing's syndrome and patients with Cushing's disease. These results were consistent with those of previous reports. However, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) were high in those patients with Cushing's syndrome and those with Cushing's disease. Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in 34 patients before and after treatment. Thirty-one percent of those had diabetes mellitus and 26% had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The response of IRI in this test was high in patients with Cushing's syndrome and patients with Cushing's disease, and decreased 4 weeks after treatment in those with Cushing's syndrome but remained high in those with Cushing's disease. Plasma ACTH level and urinary 17-OHCS excretion were significantly higher in Cushing's disease than in Cushing's syndrome. During an 8mg-high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, urinary 17-OHCS excretion in 13 of 14 patients with Cushing's disease (93%) was suppressed by more than 50% of baseline on the second day of testing. However, all of 18 patients with Cushing's syndrome, who had an 8mg-dexamethasone suppression test, failed to suppress urinary 17-OHCS by 50% of baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Forty-one cases of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison between Cushing's syndrome (adrenal adenoma) and Cushing's disease (adrenal hyperplasia)]. 163 31

A high sodium intake is a risk factor for both hypertension and osteoporosis. High-salt diets cause calciuresis and may influence blood pressure (BP) by stimulating calcium-regulating hormones and augmenting intracellular calcium concentrations. Urinary calcium rises in parallel with urinary sodium. However, aging may influence the rate of excretion of a dietary sodium load. This study compares sodium/creatinine (Na/Cr) values in 2-h urines collected after an overnight fast (12 h) with values obtained in 24-h urines from normotensive women aged (a) 19-23 years (n = 6) and (b) 65-70 years (n = 9) who were consuming either 70 mmol of Na/day [low-sodium regimen (LSR)] or 170 mmol of Na/day [supplemental sodium regimen (SSR)]. Young and elderly women excreted similar amounts of sodium per 24-h period. The 24-h urinary sodium excretion matched dietary sodium input appropriately on LSR and SSR, and SSR raised calcium excretion by 30%. However, whereas in the young women Na/Cr values were similar in fasting and 24-h collections on both LSR and SSR, these values were higher in 24-h than in fasting urines on SSR in the elderly women. We attribute this response to temporal differences in urinary sodium excretion associated with aging. We conclude that assessing sodium excretion from fasting urinary sodium measurements may underestimate total sodium loss (and hence calcium loss) in subjects on a stable sodium intake, particularly in the elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fasting and 24-h urinary sodium/creatinine values in young and elderly women on low-salt and salt-supplemented regimens. 170 23

In a retrospective study of 632 patients with pituitary disease we diagnosed pituitary insufficiency without hypersecretion of any pituitary hormone in 122 patients. Patients were substituted with sex hormones (76%), hydrocortisone (74%) and/or L-thyroxine (77%). 76% had additional growth hormone deficiency, as shown by an increase of growth hormone of less than 5 ng/ml after i.v. administration of L-arginine. In 17% of all patients the diagnosis of osteoporosis was proven or suspected radiologically. 57% had low bone mass of lumbar spine (dualphotonabsorptiometry) and 73% had low bone mass of the proximal forearm (singlephotonabsorptiometry). BMD values of pituitary insufficient patients were in the same range as those of patients with established osteoporosis. More than half of all patients (53%) complained of tiredness, exhaustion and muscle weakness. 40% suffered from adipositas. 77% had hyperlipidemia (68% hypertriglyceridemia and 42% hypercholesterinemia), 18% had hypertension. 14% of the patients had arteriosclerotic events in their history (myocardial infarction or stroke). These figures are higher than incidences shown in the German PROCAM-study. These data show an increased prevalence of osteoporosis and vascular diseases. This is in contrast to the general opinion, that patients with pituitary insufficiency are adequately treated by substitution with adrenal, thyroid and sex hormones. Whether other factors such as the additional growth hormone deficiency are responsible for these diseases has to be examined in prospective studies.
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PMID:[Increased prevalence of osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis in conventionally substituted anterior pituitary insufficiency: need for additional growth hormone substitution?]. 176 81

We proposed a hypothesis of disintegrated Ca-homeostasis underlying chronic alcoholism from our clinical viewpoints, and we suggest that the clinical features of alcoholism result from hypocalcemia or hypocalcemia induced by hypomagnesemia. Since the alcoholism brings on the divergent symptoms and signs, various diagnoses are made even for one patient, such as hypertension, cardiomyopathy, hepatitis, pancreatitis, Parkinsonian syndrome, neuropathy, muscle atrophy, epilepsy and osteoporosis. We speculate that these pathological conditions could be interpreted unitarily and systematically by hypothesis of Ca-abnormality.
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PMID:[Alcoholic dementia and divalent ions: derangement of calcium-homeostasis]. 178 56

The beneficial effects of combined estrogen-progestin-containing oral contraceptives (OCs) include prevention of pregnancy (less than 1 failure out of 100 regular users); the prevention of ectopic pregnancy; the reduction of preeclampsia (2.4 times lower risk compared with barrier methods); and reduction of pelvic inflammation to about one-half. The effects on menstruation include the reduction of sideropenic anemia (by lowering the incidence and duration of menstruation, OCs reduce the loss of iron to 50% or to as much as 33%); dysmenorrhea by 40% (symptoms receded in 90% of users); and premenstrual syndrome by 30%. OCs exert a favorable effect on menstrual epilepsy; reduce sports-related accidents in the premenstrual and menstrual periods; and reduce intermenstrual bleeding. The protection from cancer includes the lowering of endometrial cancer risk (every 2 years of use reduces the risk by 38%, 12 years of use by 70%, and the beneficial effects last 3-15 years); reduction of the risk of the ovarian cancer (already 3-6 months of use reduces the risk by 30%, and more than 5 years by 50% in women under 50 years of age with a longterm effect of 10 years or more, which drops sharply in women over 60 who are mostly at risk). Among other beneficial effects, they reduce benign mastopathy by 50-75%; reduce the risk of follicular ovarian cysts to 50% and the risk of corpus luteal ovarian cysts to 1/5; and they lessen bone loss which favorably affects osteoporosis. Low-dose OCs minimize the well-known risks of thrombotic and cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, hypertension, altered carbohydrate metabolism, gallbladder diseases, and liver cancer. A new OC with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol was tested with daily doses of 150 mcg of desogestrel. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) either increased or did not change with desogestrel: the HDL2 subfraction that protects from atherosclerosis did not change, and probably the HDL3 raised the HDL level.
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PMID:[Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception]. 181 41

One common nutrient postulated to be protective against osteoporosis, hypertension, and colon cancer is dietary calcium. We report here nutrient patterns by calcium intake in older adult residents of a geographically defined community in Southern California. The analysis included all 426 men and 531 women aged 50-79 y with complete 24-h diet data. Nutrient-density-adjusted calcium intake was divided into tertiles: low intake (less than 284 mg/1000 kcal), mid intake (284-440 mg/1000 kcal), and high intake (greater than 440 mg/1000 kcal). The distribution of the reported 24-h nutrient density of protein, fat, fiber, caffeine, trace minerals, vitamin D, and vitamin C was examined in relation to the calcium-intake tertiles. In both men and women, the adjusted intakes of protein, saturated fatty acids, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus were significantly higher in the high-calcium-intake group than in the low- and mid-calcium-intake groups. In both men and women, alcohol intake was significantly lower in the high-calcium-intake group. Studies postulating a protective role for calcium will need to consider the multicolinearity in the Western diet.
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PMID:Calcium intake: covariates and confounders. 184 36


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