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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of vasopressin via V1a- and V2-receptors are closely implicated in a variety of water-retaining diseases and cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, hyponatraemia, hypertension, renal diseases, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, cirrhosis and ocular hypertension. As vasopressin receptors are found in many different tissues, vasopressin antagonists may benefit the treatment of disorders such as cerebral ischaemia and stroke, Raynaud's disease, dysmenorrhoea and tocolytic treatment. V1b selective vasopressin antagonists are discussed in terms of their usefulness in the treatment of emotional and psychiatric disorders. The vaptans are vasopressin receptor antagonists with V1a (relcovaptan) or V2 (tolvaptan, lixivaptan) selectivity or non-selective activity (conivaptan) which may be advantageous in some disorders. The V1a/V2 non-selective vasopressin antagonist conivaptan is the first vaptan which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of euvolaemic hyponatraemia.
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PMID:Vasopressin antagonists. 1679 87

Ocular hypertension is a symptom of a glaucomatous condition characterized by a severe vision decrease. Blindness caused by the apoptotic death of the retinal ganglion cells and of the astrocytes of the optic nerve may eventually result. Experimental hypertension was induced by inoculation of methylcellulose in the anterior chamber. Chromatin staining, TUNEL assay, and inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation observed in retina and optic nerve strongly suggest that hypertension causes apoptosis. Immunolocalization of the fibrillary acidic glial protein, specific of cell stress, and caspase-3 in the same tissues, further support this mode of cell death. Activation of the ubiquitin dependent proteolytic system was also observed. Protection from apoptosis exerted by administration of the peroxide scavenger trolox, suggests that the apoptotic pathway is activated by an oxidative stress. The data presented here show that the experimental hypertensive insult induces degenerative and apoptotic events comparable to those observed in human glaucoma.
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PMID:Degenerative and apoptotic events at retinal and optic nerve level after experimental induction of ocular hypertension. 1724 91

As vasopressin receptors are found in many different tissues, vasopressin antagonists may benefit the treatment of numerous disorders. Effects of vasopressin via V1(a) and V2 receptors are closely implicated in a variety of water-retaining diseases and cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, hyponatremia, hypertension, renal diseases, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, cirrhosis, and ocular hypertension. Furthermore, V1(a) vasopressin antagonists might be useful in cerebral ischemia and stroke, Raynaud's disease, dysmenorrhoea and tocolytic treatment. V1(b) selective vasopressin antagonists are discussed in terms of their usefulness in the treatment of emotional and psychiatric disorders. The vaptans are vasopressin receptor antagonists with V1(a) (relcovaptan) or V2 (tolvaptan, lixivaptan, satavaptan) selectivity or non-selective activity (conivaptan). Conivaptan is the first vaptan which has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia. For further indications such as congenital heart failure, studies are going on.
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PMID:[Pharmacology and clinical relevance of vasopressin antagonists]. 1833 84

This study was designed to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on intra ocular pressure and arterial blood pressure of normotensive young male adults. Fifty male students (who met the screening conditions and devoid of obvious ocular pathology and systemic diseases and non-smokers) had their intra ocular pressure (IOP) measured with a Schiotz tonometer and blood pressure(BP) measured with standard sphygmomanometer respectively prior to smoking of two sticks of cigarette each day for one month and thereafter. The result showed a significant [P < 0.01] effect on the intra ocular pressure with a mean control of 37.76 +/- 0.98 for both eyes and test of 41.93 +/-0.98. Cigarette smoking increased the blood pressure from mean control of 197.24 +/-0.88 to 208.46 +/-0.82. The increase of both intra ocular pressure and arterial blood pressure was due to nicotine, the principal constituent of cigarette. It is recommended that health care workers should check regularly the IOP and BP of their cigarette smoking patients for early diagnoses of ocular hypertension (glaucoma) and hypertension.
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PMID:The effects of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure and arterial blood pressure of normotensive young Nigerian male adults. 1837 15

The risk factors related to the progress of glaucoma have been investigated and revealed the involvement of the systemic factors and ocular factors that include intraocular pressure (IOP) and non-IOP factors. Multi-center randomized studies have demonstrated that IOP is an important risk factor in the development of ocular hypertension (OHT) to the onset of POAG or POAG progress. These large scale randomized clinical trials indicate that the only effective way to delay the deterioration of progressive optic neuropathy is to low IOP. Establishing a target IOP, reducing IOP, and especially controlling nocturnal IOP fluctuation are important measures for the prevention of glaucoma progress. While non-IOP risk factors come from age, central corneal thickness (CCT), duration of optic disc hemorrhage, the degree of severity of glaucoma and glaucoma in both eyes. The risk factors affecting glaucoma have also been found in patients with myopia, family history of glaucoma, low ocular perfusion pressure, systemic hypotension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, systemic hypertension, and high blood cholesterol. The efforts to study the glaucoma risk factors offer insight into the etiology and clinical development processes of glaucoma and provide an improved therapeutic strategy for glaucomatous.
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PMID:[Risk factors and the progress of primary open-angle glaucoma]. 1957 77

Long-term efficacy and safety profile of pegaptanib was evaluated for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with choroidal neovascularization. Sixty-one AMD patients from phase II clinical trial were entered into an extended trial and followed up for more than 2 years. Pegaptanib sodium 0.3 mg was administered once every six weeks. Changes in visual acuity were evaluated using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. The number of responders and adverse events were monitored. The mean change in visual acuity decreased by 10.3 letters for up to 199 weeks (62-199 weeks; mean 140 weeks) during follow-up. There were 77.4% responders at the beginning (54 weeks since the beginning of phase II trial) and 56.6% at the end of the extended trial. Adverse events were found in 57 of 61 patients (93.4%); 36 of the events (59.0%) were due to a preparation procedure, while 12 adverse events (19.7%), including retinal hemorrhage (3 events; 4.9%), anterior chamber inflammation (2 events; 3.3%), macular degeneration, floaters, photopsia, retinal vessel aneurysm, vitreous hemorrhage, ocular hypertension, arteriosclerosis obliterans and hypertension (1 event; 1.6%, respectively) were associated with pegaptanib sodium. Thus, the majority of adverse events was at least in part a result of the preparation procedure for injection. Based on the long-term efficacy and tolerability data of this trial, pegaptanib sodium appears to be beneficial for preventing the worsening of visual acuity caused by age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization.
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PMID:[Long-term efficacy and safety profile of pegaptanib sodium for age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization--evaluation of extended phase II clinical trial]. 2140 Sep 18

The authors introduce UNILAT, a new generic product from UNIMED PHARMA Ltd., a Slovak pharmaceutical company. Within the Phase III. of clinical trial they evaluate UNILATes efficacy and safety in the treatment of glaucoma and intraocular hypertension. The clinical study design was performed as an open comparative multicenter trial. Its goal was to compare the UNILAT generic product (latanoprost 50 microg/ml, eye drops solution, Unimed Pharma) with XALATAN original product (latanoprost 50 microg/ml, eye drops solution, Pfizer) and to prove that UNILAT is as effective and safe as original product. The study was performed on 77 subjects in seven private ophthalmic outpatient departments in Slovakia during the period from February 5, 2008 till July 24, 2008. The primary endpoint specified to prove UNILAT's efficacy was the average decrease of IOP measured between the first and last visit. The secondary endpoint was proportion of patients with measured IOP less than 21 mmHg at the end of the clinical trial. The safety of the generic product was based on the frequency of adverse reactions in subjects included in the study. Results of clinical study have confirmed UNILAT's therapeutical indications and demonstrated that it is non-inferior to the original product concerning efficacy and safety in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
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PMID:[Clinical trial of the generic product UNILAT following its efficiency and safety in glaucoma and intraocular hypertension]. 2141 7

Risk factors for the occurrence of central retinal vein occlusion are to a certain extent similar to those of cardiovascular diseases (e.g. arteriosclerosis, arterial systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia). Hyperhomocysteinemia is an essential risk factor for arteriosclerosis intervening also directly in the local mechanism of causing venous and arterial occlusions. Ocular hypertension and glaucoma are risk factors significantly associated with pathogenesis of central retinal vein occlusion. Therapy with anticoagulants and platelet anti-aggregating agents exposes the patient to developing central retinal vein occlusion influencing also adversely the visual outcome without having any evidence of protective or beneficial effect.
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PMID:[Risk factors in central retinal vein occlusion]. 2188 66

There are various reports of ocular abnormalities in metabolic disorders. This study was done with the aim to investigate the relationships between the amounts of serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone concentrations and ocular findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fifty eight patients with end stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis were randomly selected and enrolled in this prospective study. Demographic data, history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and duration of hemodialysis were recorded. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were measured. Also, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and weight of the patient was measured just before and three minutes after the hemodialysis. Patients also underwent a complete ocular examination including visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), biomicroscopic examination, and fundoscopy. In univariate analysis, adverse relationships were found between the ocular hypertension and ALP concentration (P = 0.017) and also between the visual acuity and phosphorus concentration (P = 0.033). However, in multivariate regression analysis and with regard to the patients' characteristics and medical history in a multivariate model, no relationships were found between ocular findings and serum calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and PTH concentrations. No relationships were found between the serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and PTH and ocular findings in patients with end stage renal failure undergoing hemodialysis.
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PMID:Changes of serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone concentrations and ocular findings among patients undergoing hemodialysis. 2208 71

Lamina cribosa, an astrocyte-rich region, is the origin of axonal degeneration in glaucomatous neuropathy. Astrocytes are particularly activated during optic nerve (ON) degeneration and are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Signalling mechanisms that regulate different aspects of astrocyte reactiviation in response to intraocular hypertensive injury are not well defined. Signal transducer and activator of transcription protein-3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that participates in many biological processes and has been implicated as activator of reactive astrogliosis. In this study, we investigated the role of STAT3 in regulating the activation of astrocytes to transient intraocular hypertension in vivo by using a rat ocular hypertension model. ON astrocytes hypertrophy was observed early after intraocular hypertensive stress. Morphological changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells coupled with axon loss in the optic nerve was detected at day 7 after the injury. Nestin was significantly upregulated in ON astrocytes as early as day 2 post injury and kept elevated through post injury day 7. Phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) was markedly upregulated in ON astrocytes at post injury day 1, prior to the reactivation of ON astrocytes. These findings indicate that STAT3 signalling is involved in the initiation of astrocyte reactivation in optic nerve injury.
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PMID:Expression and activation of STAT3 in the astrocytes of optic nerve in a rat model of transient intraocular hypertension. 2338 63


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