Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The extracts of Salacia reticulata (Salacia extract), a plant that has been used for the treatment of early diabetes, rheumatism and gonorrhea in Ayurveda, have been shown to have an anti-obesity effect and suppress hyperglycemia. In this study, the effects of Salacia extract on various symptoms of metabolic disorder were investigated and compared using these TSOD mice and non-obese TSNO mice. Body weight, food intake, plasma biochemistry, visceral and subcutaneous fat (X-ray and CT), glucose tolerance, blood pressure and pain tolerance were measured, and histopathological examination of the liver was carried out. A significant dose-dependent decline in the gain in body weight, accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat and an improvement of abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension and peripheral neuropathy were noticed in TSOD mice. In addition, hepatocellular swelling, fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration and single-cell necrosis were observed on histopathological examination of the liver in TSOD mice. Salacia extract markedly improved these symptoms upon treatment. Based on the above results, it is concluded that Salacia extract has remarkable potential to prevent obesity and associated metabolic disorders including the development of metabolic syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Preventive Effects of Salacia reticulata on Obesity and Metabolic Disorders in TSOD Mice. 1950 75

Aging is a process of irreversible decline in physiological function over the time. Several postulated mechanisms for aging include cumulative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere loss, altered gene expression, and oxidative damages. Those factors affecting the aging process were implicated in hypertension, diabetes, lipid metabolic disorder, heart failure, smoking and psychological stress and so on. Subjects with those disorders are manifested the increased insulin resistance and oxidative stress which are more likely to accelerate aging, atherosclerosis and premature death. Both are also associated with accelerated telomere attrition in leucocytes and chronicle the cumulative burden of oxidative stress and inflammation over a life course. Here, recent evidences including our data about the relationship between telomere attrition and age-related disorders are introduced. Finally, we identify improving life-style as well as pharmacological interventions as potent anti-aging effects to be important for keeping of healthy long life.
 ...
PMID:[Role of the environmental factors on aging]. 1959 Dec 81

The new guideline for the management of hypertension issued by the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH2009) emphasizes strict blood pressure (BP) control. Ca channel blockers (CCB) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are mainly used in Japan, while BP control status remains insufficient. Since the achievement of salt restriction to less than 6 g/day is difficult in Japanese hypertensive patients, the use of low dose diuretics is useful. To minimize metabolic side effects of diuretics, combination therapy with ARB or ACE inhibitors is warranted. Losartan/HCTZ combination tablets effectively reduce BP when switched from the usual dose of ARB or ACE inhibitors. Since losartan has a property to increase urinary uric acid excretion, it may offset the increase in serum uric acid induced by the use of HCTZ. Metabolic disorders including diabetes, dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia are commonly prevalent in hypertensive patients. Thus, strict BP control utilizing appropriate combination therapy and the concomitant control of other metabolic risk factors are important to prevent cardiovascular events.
 ...
PMID:[Combination therapy of ARB with diuretics in Japanese hypertensive patients]. 1959 Dec 99

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the most prevalent disease states in the so-called developed countries and is closely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular as well as other diseases. Predominant sign is the abdominal type of obesity with increased visceral fat mass and the associated insulin resistance. Glucose metabolism disorder, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension are other important attributes. Metabolic syndrome is also closely associated with the liver steatosis, mostly benign and reversible liver disease. Nevertheless, uncomplicated steatosis may, under certain conditions, progress to inflammation and the disease may, through the stage of NASH (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) and liver fibrosis, result in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Anglo-Saxon literature uses the term NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) to refer to these various stages ofthe liver disease (uncomplicated liver steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis). While simple steatosis is not dangerous for the patient, NASH is the sign of developing cirrhosis. Etiopathogenesis of NASH features identical characteristics as etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Even though liver biopsy remains the gold standard in the diagnosis, new diagnostic approaches are emerging that could be useful in distinguishing simple steatosis from NASH. Therapy includes lifestyle changes, insulin resistance-reducing medication (also useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes) with a range of other agents under development. In the meantime, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies with histological proof of the results are still lacking. A range of unresolved issues remains with regards to etiopathogenesis as well as diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD and NASH.
 ...
PMID:[Metabolic syndrome and the liver (NAFLD/NASH)]. 1973 69

Nitric oxide (NO) is a simple molecule, highly conserved across species with important effects on several physiological mechanisms. In the cardiovascular system, NO is tonically released by the endothelial cells in response to shear stress to maintain vascular tone. This effect is due to the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle cells in the medium layer (tunica media) of the arterial wall. However, NO is also involved in the regulation of synaptic neurotransmission, platelet aggregation, inflammation, appetite, peristalsis, renal metabolism, respiratory function, lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism. Therefore, an abnormal production of NO (over- or under-production) has multi-systemic effects. Metabolic disorders like hypertension, obesity or dyslipidaemia are associated with a reduction of NO production. The mechanisms responsible for a decreased NO synthesis are partially known but oxidative stress, overproduction of endogenous inhibitors of the Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and genetic factors may be implicated. The half-life of NO is extremely short in biological samples (t1/2 < or = 0.2 sec) and its in vivo measurement is very difficult. Therefore, indirect methods have been developed to measure the end products of NO metabolism in biological samples. Some of these methods have used stable isotopes to trace the metabolic fate of the precursor of NO (Arginine) and measure the appearance of stable isotopes in the end products [nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), citrulline]. However, the existing methods are expensive, invasive and require complex analytical laboratory techniques.
 ...
PMID:[Physiology and in vivo measurements of nitric oxide in man]. 2049 35

Protein wasting (PW) or protein-energy wasting (PEW) occurs commonly in patients with diabetes mellitus who have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and are undergoing maintenance dialysis (MD) therapy. Some but not all studies indicate that PW or PEW is more prevalent in diabetic when compared with nondiabetic MD patients and that diabetic patients commencing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are more likely to lose fat-free, edema-free weight than are incident nondiabetic MHD patients. The causes of PW and PEW in diabetic MD patients are probably largely similar to those of nondiabetic MD patients. These causes include anorexia, reduced food intake, concurrent illnesses particularly when associated with inflammatory processes, physical or mental debility, removal of nutrients by dialysis procedure, acidemia, possibly physical deconditioning, and oxidant and carbonyl stress. However, diabetic MD patients are also at greater risk for PW or PEW from comorbidities related to diabetes per se. These disorders include ischemic vascular disease, hypertension, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and neuropathy. Metabolic disorders such as insulin deficiency or resistance to the actions of insulin, and elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones may also contribute to PW or PEW in diabetic MD patients. Mechanisms by which these metabolic disorders in diabetic ESRD patients may cause PW or PEW are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Effect of diabetes mellitus on protein-energy wasting and protein wasting in end-stage renal disease. 2052 7

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a metabolic disorder marked by an excess amount of the amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) in the blood stream. Hcy is a H(2)S precursor-formed from the metabolism of methionine. Elevated Hcy levels have been associated with higher blood pressure. However, the precise contribution of H(2)S to blood pressure in HHcy is not known. In the current study, we have examined a novel link between H(2)S, blood pressure and HHcy. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with PAG, NaHS, L-NAME+PAG and saline. HHcy condition was induced by providing methionine (1 g/kg) in drinking water for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, plasma Hcy and H(2)S were measured. The treated rats were anaesthetized with a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride and medetomidine. Blood pressures were measured by intra-carotid artery catheterization and to further investigate the immediate effect of NO and H(2)S, exogenous drugs namely NaHS, SNP, Ach and NA were administered. Plasma Hcy levels were higher in HHcy groups and this group exhibited hypertension. We observed high blood pressure at low levels of H(2)S and vice versa. Endogenous H(2)S in HHcy condition facilitated a mild decrease in MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure). Exogenous SNP (NO donor) showed a greater pressure decrease in HHcy group. The underlying mechanism is yet to be exploited. High levels of Hcy play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The results suggest that both endogenous and exogenous H(2)S may play a vital role in regulating blood pressure in HHcy.
 ...
PMID:Hydrogen sulfide: regulatory role on blood pressure in hyperhomocysteinemia. 2068 50

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and sometimes ketonemia. The present study was carried out to assess prescribing practice and general trend of diabetes among patients at the Bombay Hospital, Indore. Prescriptions and complete records of diabetic patients were monitored and data was filed as per WHO prescription proforma. The study revealed that prescription of metformin (27%) and glimepiride (22.60%) were found to be maximum among various available antidiabetic drugs. Category wise the maximum prescribed drugs are glimepride (22.60%, sulfonylurea category), metformin (27%, biguanide category) and pioglitazones (13.90%, glitazone category). Insulin prescription was found to be very less (4.5%). Combination of metformin and glimepiride (20.86%) was prescribed most commonly. Most common disease associated with diabetes mellitus was found to be hypertension (35%). Highest prevalence of disease was found to be in the age group of 51 to 60 followed by age group of 41 to 50. Men patients (66.36%) were found to be predominated over women patients (33.64%).
 ...
PMID:Prescribing pattern of antidiabetic drugs in indore city hospital. 2139 62

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been recognized as a metabolic disorder characterized by fatty accumulation of the liver without alcohol consumption. The progression of the diseases has been considered to link to metabolic syndrome, consisting of obesity, diabetes mellitus(DM), dyslipidemia and hypertension. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide(GIP) function as incretin and stimulate glucose-mediated insulin production by pancreatic beta cells. Incretin was also reported to have various kinds of extrapancreatic effects including the regulation of hepatic glucose production, the inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion, cardioprotective and cardiotropic effects, the regulation of appetite and satiety, and stimulation of afferent sensory nerves. Therefore, incretins are also expected as therapeutic agents for NFLD and NASH.
 ...
PMID:[Attenuation of fatty accumulation in hepatocyte by incretin--expectation of novel medicine for treatment of NASH]. 2159 71

It is difficult to trace full details of the path which irregular or illegal immigrants follow when seeking assistance in the network of the various hospital departments and health structures. The aim of this work was to analyze the health needs of immigrant people by reviewing the types of treatment given to them in the day-hospital of our Department of Migration Medicine. Our study analyzed day-hospital admissions between 2003 and 2009. The patient charts used for managing day-hospital activity were adopted in 2002 in conformity with the "OSI project". From these it is possible to draw up a scale picture of the distribution of each pathology in the immigrant population. The sample population consisted of 1,758 subjects, representing 7.4% of potential users. More than half came from Africa, followed by Asia, and then Europe. Gastroenterological diseases ranked first, with dyspeptic syndromes most frequently diagnosed. Infections and parasitic diseases ranked second, and the most frequent diagnoses were sexually transmitted diseases. Third were diseases of the genitourinary system. Metabolic disorders ranked fourth, among them, more than half of the cases were of diabetes mellitus, in patients from south-east Asia. Diseases of the circulatory system were sixth, with hypertension the most frequent pathology. Our data confirm a marked persistence of the phenomenon known as the "healthy immigrant effect" in these types of patients, as well as the prominent role played by "social determinants" in conditioning the health of immigrants, particularly in the case of some infectious diseases.
...
PMID:The health of irregular and illegal immigrants: analysis of day-hospital admissions in a department of migration medicine. 2164 89


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>