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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of thromboses among young women has increased with widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs) due to the significant thromboembolic risk of estrogen. Estrogens intervene at the vascular, platelet, and plasma levels as a function of hormonal variations in the menstrual cycle, increasing the aggregability of the platelets and thrombocytes, accelerating the formation of clots, and decreasing the amount of antithrombin III. Estrogens are used in medicine to treat breast and prostate cancers and in gynecology to treat dysmenorrhea, during the menopause, and in contraception. Smoking, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes are contraindicators to estrogen use. Thrombosis refers to blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or thrombus. Before estrogens are prescribed, a history of phlebitis, obesity, hyperlipidemia, or significant varicosities should be ruled out. A history of venous thrombosis, hyperlipoproteinemia, breast nodules, serious liver condition, allergies to progesterone, and some ocular diseases of vascular origin definitively rule out treatment with estrogens. A family history of infarct, embolism, diabetes, cancer, or vascular accidents at a young age signals a need for greater patient surveillance. All patients receiving estrogens should be carefully observed for signs of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypercoagulability, or diabetes. Nurses have a role to play in carefully eliciting the patient's history of smoking, personal and family medical problems, and previous and current laboratory results, as well as in informing the patients of the risks and possible side effects of OCs, especially for those who smoke. Nurses should educate patients receiving estrogens, especially those with histories of circulatory problems, to avoid standing in 1 position for prolonged periods, avoid heat which is a vasodilator, avoid obesity, excercise regularly, wear appropriate footgear, and follow other good health practices.
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PMID:[Estrogens and vascular thrombosis]. 692 85

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) appears to be one of the factors controlling the intravascular turnover rate of cholesterol. LCAT activity in healthy subjects is significantly higher in men than in women of the same relative body weight, total and free cholesterol and triglycerides. In healthy men sleep deprivation induced a decrease in LCAT activity combined with a decline of serum cholesterol concentration; consequently, the intravascular turnover rate of cholesterol did not significantly change. In hypertensive patients the decrease in cholesterol turnover rate correlated with the degree of hypertension and the response of blood pressure to medication. Reduced turnover rate of cholesterol was more frequent in men than in women, in spite of higher plasma cholesterol concentration in the latter. During a 4-month period of treatment etiroxate of hyperlipoproteinemia II and IV, the only significant change in plasma cholesterol level was a drop observed after the first two weeks; on the other hand, the turnover rate of cholesterol rose gradually and approached normal values due to a highly increased LCAT activity. Obesity and diabetes were associated with a high percentage of deviations in the studied parameters of cholesterol metabolism. The turnover rate of cholesterol measured three months after acute myocardial infarction was below normal in 80% of patients, whereas hypercholesterolemia was manifested in only less than 40%. The results imply that the intravascular turnover rate of cholesterol estimated by measurement of LCAT activity may be a suitable indicator of the internal balance of cholesterol, substantially more delicate and discriminative than a mere determination of the actual plasma concentration of cholesterol or plasma lipoprotein. Judging by our observations, deviations in the internal dynamics of cholesterol may play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Cholesterol turnover and risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. 707 90

Arterial lesions appear in the human vascular system early in life. In some predisposed arterial segments calcifications of the internal elastic sheets have regularly been demonstrated macroscopically in infancy and early childhood. Atherosclerotic lesions also begin in childhood, and the seeds of their later clinical manifestations are probably sown in infancy. Hyperlipemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoking represent the major risk factors of atherosclerosis and its premature development. Accordingly, the main task of pediatricians is early identification of the risk groups and their appropriate treatment, particularly of children with hyperlipoproteinemia type II and those with family history indicating a premature atherosclerotic event, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. In most populations, however, elevated serum cholesterol levels are probably not caused by genetically determined metabolic disorders but mainly promoted by environmental factors, such as nutrition. Therefore, establishment of beneficial nutritional habits early in life may prevent the development or at least limit the extent of fatty streaks and their further transformation into fibrous plaques or more advanced atherosclerotic lesions. The education of the community, especially of parents, to the hazards of the cardiovascular risk factors must become an essential part of preventive programs directed to sound cardiovascular health. The wide individual variation of the extent of early lesions, e.g., of fatty streaking in childhood even in most homogeneous population subgroups, points to the existence of still undiscovered risk factors. Cooperative efforts between pediatric pathologists and pediatricians appear, therefore, a necessity for further progress in the evaluation of these factors and for establishing successful preventive programs.
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PMID:Early arterial lesions in infancy and childhood and ways of prevention. 707 82

The arterial blood pressure (B.P.), the cardiovascular complications and the type of hyperlipoproteinemia were studied in 98 families of hypertensive children (group A) and in 100 families of normotensive children (group B). In group A, hypertension was found in 27% of the parents and 47.4% of grandparents, whereas in group B in 7.5% and 22.5% respectively. In siblings of hypertensive children hypertension was found in 13.5% as apposed to 5.4% of those of normotensive children. Cardiovascular complications were recorded in 27.5% in the parents and grandparents of group A and in 12% in group B. Hyperlipoproteinemia with obvious preponderance of type II (IIa, IIb) and IV was found in 58.5% of parents in group A and 21.1% in group B.
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PMID:Arterial blood pressure serum lipids and cardiovascular complications in families of hypertensive children. 713 31

It was found that in ageing there is a decrease in the amount of cholesterol in the composition of high-density lipoproteins, alpha-lipoproteins in blood, an increase in the total fraction of low- and very low density lipoproteins, total cholesterol, triacylglycerines and the atherogenicity coefficient, and a growth in the frequency of hyperlipoproteinemia. The described age changes were more marked in the group of elderly females. In atherosclerotic (systolic) hypertension the atherogenic disorders of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are revealed to a greater extent in old age both in males and females and are mainly characterized by type IV hyperlipoproteinemia.
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PMID:[Blood lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerotic (systolic) hypertension in the middle-aged and elderly]. 725 96

The authors studied the X-ray grams of soft tissues of the lower limbs of 120 patients with diabetes mellitus--54 males and 66 females and 42 control subjects (18 males and 24 females). The average age of the latter was 56.3 and of the patient--52. According to their characteristic the calcifications were localized in intima (spotted) and in media (linear). Besides localization, the extend (whole artery or partial) and degree (light, pronounced) of calcifications were determined. Mediocalcinosis in the arteries of lower limbs of diabetics was established to be almost four times more frequent than that among the controls, the arteries of the thighs, legs and foot being equally affected. In 1/3 of the cases the whole vascular system of the lower limbs was involved, being more frequent in males, as compared with females, with a statistical significance, and correlated significantly with age and duration of the disease. Mediocalcinosis was more frequent with statistical significance, in patients, treated with sulfonylurea preparations. Attempt was made to explain that fact, besides by the older age of those patients with some humoral and hormonal characteristics of diabetes of the elderly, sensitive to SU preparations namely: the presence of hyperlipoproteinemia, hypersomatotropism and relative hyperinsulinism, favouring the proliferation of the cells of media and deposition of calcium salts in it. No statistically significant correlation was found between the incidence of mediocalcinosis on the one hand and the type of diabetes, severity of the disease, occupation, past infections, the presence of hypertension, obesity, retinopathy and disorders of lipid metabolism--on the other.
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PMID:[Clinical x-ray studies of arterial calcifications in the lower extremities of diabetics]. 725 33

The clinical syndrome "coronary insufficiency at normal coronary arteriogram" is found in approximately 10-20 per cent of patients with exercise-induced coronary insufficiency. In most of these cases disturbances of coronary microcirculation are present. They can appear in vascular diseases (arterial hypertension, systemic immunopathies, immune complex vasculitis etc.), in rheological diseases (paraproteinemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, polyglobulia etc.) and in disturbances of transport and diffusion of oxygen (carbon monoxide intoxication, methemoglobinemia, hyperlipoproteinemia). The clinical diagnosis is based on usual diagnostic programs (electrocardiogram, exercise electrocardiogram, responsiveness to nitroglycerin etc.), as well as on a newer, functionally orientated diagnostic procedures (determinations of coronary blood flow and of coronary vascular reserve, production of lactate, serological findings, histology and immune histology of peripheral arteries, measurements of viscosities in both, plasma and blood etc.). Many clinically relevant disturbances in coronary microcirculation can thus be detected and therefore can be treated on a rational basis by the management of the internal main disease, this is by the treatment of the vascular, rheological and metabolic disorders. Persistent angina pectoris, in the presence of normal coronary arteriogram, represents no termination of coronary diagnostics, but moreover implies the clinical task for using newer diagnostic possibilities in order to enable functional and therapeutical assessment of coronary microcirculation.
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PMID:[Disturbances in coronary microcirculation (author's transl)]. 730 Feb 36

The authors examined 825 males aged from 40 to 49 and who accounted for 78.5% of all individuals that had to be examined. Ischemic heart disease was found in 12.3% of those examined, and arterial hypertension in 8.9%. Hyperlipoproteinemia phenotyping was carried out according to the upper normal values of cholesterol and triglycerides. Types IIa and IIb of hyperlipoproteinemia were most common, type IV was encountered less frequently. Repeated examination revealed highest variations in the content of triglycerides; the cholesterol content was more stable. Groups of patients subject to primary and secondary prevention of coronary disease were distinguished.
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PMID:[Polyclinic detection of hyperlipoproteinemia and arterial hypertension as risk factors of ischemic heart disease]. 731 5

During the past decade the World Health Organization (WHO) has embarked on a $17 million program to study different kinds of contraceptive methods and their effect on maternal health. More than 600 scientists from 85 countries are participating. These investigations have implicated abortion as a factor in miscarriage, perinatal morbidity, and perinatal mortality due to isthmus-cervical inadequacy. It is also implicated in sterility and extrauterine pregnancy, as well as other disorders of pregnancy. Hence WHO emphasizes other birth control methods, in particular the pill. But the birth control pill also has side effects, as this is the first time that hormones have been used not to treat some illness but in healthy women. Their incidence increases with age (after 30-35 years of age) and also is enhanced by smoking, high blood pressure, hyperlipoproteinemia, and diabetes. Oral contraceptives (OCs) also reduce the incidence of benign tumors of the breast, ovarian cysts, iron-deficiency anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. They have a beneficial effect also in endometriosis, dysfunctional hemorrhages, polyposis and endometrial hyperplasia, ovulatory problems, and inflammatory conditions of the genitals. Many of the longterm effects of these contraceptives are still unknown, such as their influence on cancer or on the fetus. The WHO investigation has shown that 1/2 stop taking the birth control pill after 1 year, and 2/3 after 2 years. Another widespread technique is the IUD, used by over 60 million women. But this causes hemorrhage in some, especially the women of India, Pakistan, and other countries. Work is now being done on ways to minimize the hemorrhage associated with the IUD, to clarify its presence as a cause of inflammatory processes of the genitals, extrauterine pregnancies, and subsequent sterility. The WHO also studied the rhythm method of preventing conception and found that 35% of women ceased employing it after 13 months, while 20% became pregnant. It was decided to work on elucidating new methods of determining the onset of ovulation. The WHO is also studying the use of prostaglandins to interrupt pregnancy. A major task for the future is determining which women are at greatest risk from the various birth control techniques.
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PMID:[Modern methods of regulating generative function]. 733 55

Total cholesterol and triglycerides as well as their distribution among the different hyperlipoproteinemia types were studied in three patients groups: 47 normotensive patients with myocardial infarction, 35 normotensive patients with cardiosclerosis (chronic ischemic heart disease), 29 hypertensive patients without symptoms or signs of clinical atherosclerosis. Their results were compared to those of 45 normal controls. There was no decrease in HDL cholesterol nor increase in LDL cholesterol in patients with chronic or acute ischemic heart disease. A large percentage of patients from these groups had normolipoproteinemia. The most prominent lipidic changes were observed in hypertensive patients: no patient had a HDL cholesterol level above normal values, thirty three per cent had a HDL cholesterol level below 35 mg/dl. A high percentage of patients with acute myocardial infarction or hypertension exhibited atypical lipoproteinemia anomalies (hyper HDL triglyceridemia, hyper LDL triglyceridemia, hyper VLDL cholesterolemia) when they could have normolipoproteinemia. This suggested lipoproteinic metabolism disturbances in such cases.
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PMID:[Changes in serum lipid levels, lipid composition and lipoprotein fractions in patients with ischemic cardiopathies or arterial hypertension]. 733 37


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