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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical, surgical, and pathological data from 35 published cases of oligodendroglioma and of one personal case are analysed and compared with those from other tumours of the cord and from cerebral oligodendrogliomas. Oligodendroglioma of the cord has a slightly lower average age than other gliomas and is closer to that of glioblastoma. In oligodendroglioma of the cord, as of the brain, acute onset or aggravation of the symptoms and an oscillating course are frequent. Two correlated data are particularly worth noting: a) the mean CSF protein content in oligodendroglioma of the cord is higher than in any other glioma; b) intracranial hypertension, in the form of papilloedema or hydrocephalus, or both, was present in 31% of cases. This signifies cerebral oligodendrogliomatosis, which was found in 6 out of 10 necropsied cases. At operation most oligodendrogliomas of the cord appear as infiltrating "gelatinous" tumours, though a minority have a firm consistency and apparently clearcut contours, which seem to be associated with a better prognosis. Postoperative radiotherapy seems to be useful.
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PMID:Oligodendrogliomas of the spinal cord. 699 45

At the age of 36, this patient's clinical picture satisfied the criteria for the diagnosis of benign intracranial hypertension. After an essentially symptom-free interval, she developed new symptoms 17 years later that proved to be the result of a associated with glial-lined cavities in the midbrain and malignant glioma in the splenium. The possibility of a relationship between these disparate events is considered.
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PMID:Recurrent intracranial hypertension and a midbrain glioma. 711 May 72

In 27 pentobarbital-anesthetized cats cerebral blood flow and regulation of cerebral blood flow was measured one to 3 weeks following stereotactical xenotransplantation of a rat glioma clone into the internal capsula. Tumor growth was accompanied by severe vasogenic peritumoral edema in the white matter of the tumor-bearing hemisphere. White matter water content in the vicinity of the tumor increased from 69.1 +/- 0.9 to 0.5 +/- 0.7 ml/100 g wet weight (means +/- SE) which corresponds to an increase in tissue volume of about 60%. Intracranial pressure after 3 weeks was 12 +/- 2.6 mm Hg. Blood flow in the peritumoral white matter decreased from 32.2 +/- 5.6 to 18.6 +/- 1.9 ml/100/g/min but it did not change in the peritumoral grey matter or the opposite hemisphere. The decrease in blood flow was due to the volume expansion of the swollen edematous tissue and not to a compression of the microcirculation because neither flow nor vascular resistance changed when referred to dry rather than to wet weight of the edematous tissue. Flow regulation in the peritumoral edematous white matter was disturbed. CO2 reactivity of blood flow was 5.4% mm Hg change in aPCO2 (non-edematous contralateral white matter 6.4%/mm Hg), and the autoregulatory capacity between 40 and 170 mm Hg was 0.7%/mm Hg (non-edematous white matter 1.0% mm Hg). It is concluded that in the absence of significant intracranial hypertension, even severe degrees of vasogenic peritumoral edema do not interfere with blood flow and flow regulation. This is in contrast to the cytotoxic type of edema, and indicates that microcirculatory compression by edema, when present, is the consequence of pericapillary glial hydrops and not of an accumulation of extravasated edema fluid.
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PMID:Blood flow and regulation of blood flow in experimental peritumoral edema. 723 66

Hypertension in neurofibromatosis is mostly a consequence of a stenosis of the renal artery or is due to phaeochromocytoma. Riccardi pointed out primary hypertension in patients with several cervical neurofibromas in the absence of phaeochromocytoma and he noticed that the elevation of BP was often already present in children. Nine (15.8%) of 57 neurofibromatosis patients (age from 1.5 to 23 years) examined, presented BP levels above the 95th percentile on several occasions and three in particular had severe hypertension with compromised target organs. Two of them had a stenosis of the renal artery, in the third an organic origin of hypertension was not demonstrated, but there was an asymptomatic glioma of the hypothalamus. The other six children had a labile or borderline hypertension and two of them had, respectively, a glioma of the thalamus and of the optical chiasm. Elevation of the catecholamine metabolites or other causes of hypertension were not found in any of these patients. These preliminary data show a high incidence of hypertension in neurofibromatosis, primary or due to organic causes and overall they point out a possible correlation between hypertension and cerebral neoplasia.
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PMID:Hypertension in children with neurofibromatosis. 806 89

Malignant brain tumours (mainly medulloblastoma, glioma, and ependymoma) are the first cause of solid tumours in children, and a major cause of mortality from cancer in paediatrics. The most frequent circumstance of discovery is intracranial hypertension. Early and atypical signs should give the alarm and call for emergency neuroradiological explorations. Major therapeutic advances have been made in the last ten years in the fields of neurosurgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy of brain tumours in children. Multidisciplinary care is now indispensable usually as part of multicentre cooperative clinical trials. Therapeutic approaches are guided by a concern not only for effectiveness, but also for low toxicity, in order to reduce the long-term sequelae often caused by irradiation of the developing central nervous system.
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PMID:[Malignant cerebral tumors in children]. 814 34

In a 20-year-old female patient with a brain stem glioma in the medulla oblongata in association with paraplegia and respiratory paralysis, bradyarrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest repeated sporadically and transiently, but soon subsided as radiotherapy was being delivered to the glioma in the medulla oblongata. The bradyarrhythmias were differentiated from sick sinus syndrome in their sporadic and transient character. The patient responded normally to atropine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine. Parasympathetic nerve reflexes induced by Aschner's, Czermak's, and Valsalva's maneuvers and sympathetic nerve reflex induced by change of body position were within normal limits. Although EKG abnormalities associated with diseases of the central nervous system are frequently due to intracranial hypertension and/or irritation of the hypothalamus, the bradyarrhythmias in this patient were possibly due to vagus stimulation caused by the glioma in the medulla.
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PMID:[A case of sporadic and transient bradyarrhythmias in a patient with a glioma in the medulla oblongata]. 835 39

The extraneural spreading of gliomas is an infrequent occurrence which is not necessarily related to either tumor histology or site. This paper reports two cases, a glioblastoma and an oligodendroglioma, both presenting extradural diffusion. In the first case, where there was severe intracranial hypertension, the tumor found its way out from the neurocranium, far from the site of the operation, perforating the dura and the bone of the cranial base. In the second case, the operation may have facilitated the extraneural invasion. This unusual behaviour of glial tumors is probably less rare than presumed. It may go unnoticed if the attention is concentrated on the usually severe neurological syndrome which is present in these patients.
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PMID:The transdural extension of gliomas. 845 64

Brainstem gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors whose prognosis and treatment depend not only on the histologic features but also on the location within the brainstem. Magnetic resonance imaging allows the recognition of a distinct type of brainstem glioma of the tectal region of the midbrain, leading to aqueductal compression and hydrocephalus. The radiologic appearance of these tumors is usually rather uniform, with a characteristic nonenhancing thickening of the tectal plate. Because of its protracted course, no further treatment is necessary beyond cerebrospinal fluid diversion and close clinicoradiologic follow-up. The authors report two children with tectal plate gliomas of unusual but strikingly similar appearance. They present a clinical picture suggestive of intracranial hypertension without localizing signs. Magnetic resonance images reveal hydrocephalus related to the presence of perfectly circular lesions, hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2, which could be mistaken for parasitic cysts or represent dilated rostral portions of the sylvian aqueduct. After the cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures, no further treatment was given, with one of the patients being monitored for 10 years and the other for 8 months, without tumor progression. These patients demonstrate that tectal gliomas, despite sharing a good prognosis, may have various patterns of growth, leading to unusual radiologic appearances that may pose diagnostic difficulties.
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PMID:Globular glioma of the tectum. 1042 37

A case of gliomatosis cerebri which clinically presented with a syndrome of intracranial hypertension (ICH), involvement of bilateral sixth cranial nerves, and oppressive holocranial headache of one week of evolution. Cranial MR and CT were performed demonstrating diffuse hypodense cortical-subcortical lesions on tomography and in T1 sequences and hyperdense lesions in T2 sequences with irregular contrast enhancement. Intracranial pressure was measured by ventricular catheter with the appearance of high, maintained pressure waves (Lundberg A waves). Ventricular LCR study and cerebral angiography did not provide additional data. Meningeal and cerebral biopsies showed infiltration by pleomorphous glioma leading to the diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri. The patient was treated with steroids, hyperosmolar agents, external LCR derivation and tumoral radiotherapy. Nonetheless, the patient dies at six months of initiation of the symptoms. Gliomatosis cerebri should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of clinical pictures presenting with ICH.
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PMID:[Intracranial hypertension as the first clinical manifestation of gliomatosis cerebri]. 1073 65

Clonidine, clinically used in the treatment of hypertension, is a central alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist that reduces blood pressure and slows heart rate by reducing sympathetic stimulation. Considering the structural similarity between clonidine and hydrophobic heterocyclic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, the effect of clonidine on the nitric oxide (NO) pathway was investigated. This was verified by determination of NOS activity in vitro and by analysis of inducible Ca(2+)-independent NOS (NOS-II) mRNA expression and measurement of nitrite levels in rat C6 glioma cells, taken as a cellular model. Clonidine inactivated neuronal Ca(2+)-dependent NOS (NOS-I) competitively without affecting NOS-II and endothelial Ca(2+)-dependent NOS (NOS-III) activity. However, the value of K(i) for clonidine binding to NOS-I depended on tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) concentration, as reported for NOS inhibition by other nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. In particular, the value of K(i) for clonidine binding to NOS-I increased (from [7. 9 +/- 0.4] x 10(-5) M to [8.0 +/- 0.4] x 10(-3) M) as BH(4) concentration was increased (between 3.0 x 10(-7) M and 1.0 x 10(-3) M), at pH 7.5 and 37.0 degrees. In addition, clonidine (1.0 x 10(-4) M) enhanced NOS-II mRNA expression in rat C6 glioma cells, as induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Finally, clonidine (1.0 x 10(-4) M to 1.0 x 10(-3) M) dose dependently increased the levels of LPS/IFN-gamma-induced nitrites, the breakdown product of NO, in supernatants of rat C6 glioma cells. As reported for other NOS inhibitors, clonidine was also able to regulate NOS-I and NOS-II inversely.
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PMID:Selective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase type I by clonidine, an anti-hypertensive drug. 1087 28


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