Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monocular pattern-shift visual evoked potentials were obtained in (i) 33 patients with unilateral non-hemorrhagic hemispheric infarction (age 50-79 years; 23 males, 10 females), (ii) 21 age- and sex-matched patient controls (control group or CGI) with no remote or recent stroke, normal neurological examination and similar incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and heart disease, and (iii) 21 age- and sex-matched healthy elderly community volunteers (CGII). Subjects with history of glaucoma, cataracts, other media opacities or symptomatic retinal lesions were not considered or included in any of the 3 study groups. In addition, all subjects in each of the 3 groups had a normal ocular and fundoscopic examination. The mean interocular P100 latency difference in the stroke group was significantly greater than that in CGI or II (P less than 0.01). The mean interocular P100 amplitude ratio (small P100/large P100) in the stroke subjects was significantly different from that of CGI or II (P less than 0.02). The mean P100 latency on ocular stimulation ipsilateral to the side of infarction was significantly longer than that of either left or right ocular stimulation in CGI or II (P less than 0.01). The mean P100 latency on ocular stimulation contralateral to the side of infarction was similarly but less significantly longer than that on left or right ocular stimulation in CGI or II (P less than 0.05). Evidence of anterior visual pathway dysfunction was thus elicited in the stroke population using the technique.
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PMID:Monocular pattern-shift visual evoked potentials in hemispheric strokes. 620 51

The concentration of aldosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay in homogenates from a total of 227 human cataractous lenses divided into six groups according to age and accompanying diseases (i.e. glaucoma, essential hypertension, diabetes and combination of the two latter diseases). Aldosterone concentration in cataracts ranged from 0.020 to 0.036 fmol mg-1 protein. Significantly higher values were found in lenses of patients with hypertension (0.047 +/- 0.022 fmol mg-1 protein). Using two independent methods an evidence was brought that specific and saturable aldosterone binding occurs in cytosol of human lens epithelium obtained from autopsy specimens, which is not identical with glucocorticoid binding. Electrophoretic properties of this aldosterone binding entity correspond to a protein with a relative molecular mass of 90 000 daltons.
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PMID:Content and binding of aldosterone in human ocular lens. 623 25

Oxprenolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent that also possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and membrane stabilizing effects. Oxprenolol undergoes first pass metabolism with only 30% of an oral dose reaching the systemic circulation. The drug is approximately 80% protein bound and is eliminated primarily by glucuronidation in the liver. Less than 4% of oxprenolol is excreted unchanged in the urine. Oxprenolol may reduce the heart rate and prolong the effective and functional atrioventricular nodal refractory period. Oxprenolol has less negative inotropic and chronotropic effects than propranolol. Plasma renin activity is reduced; however, changes in plasma aldosterone level are not significant. Long term metabolic effects require further study. Oxprenolol appears to be comparable to other beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with no additional adverse reactions. If its partial agonist effect proves useful, it may have an advantage over other agents in treating patients with borderline cardiac reserve. Because of limited data, the use of oxprenolol for the treatment of arrhythmias, migraine, thyrotoxicosis, anxiety, and glaucoma cannot be recommended at this time.
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PMID:Oxprenolol hydrochloride: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical efficacy. 634 36

In a long-term multicenter open randomized study of 103 patients with glaucoma or intraocular hypertension, oral propranolol combined with 2% pilocarpine was compared with 0.5% topical timolol also combined with 2% pilocarpine, with respect to the effects on intraocular pressure and other signs of glaucoma. The results showed that the hypotensive effects were highly significant and equal for both treatments. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the amount of cupping of the nerve head or the visual field defects developing during treatment. An additive hypotensive effect was recorded when both propranolol and timolol were combined with pilocarpine, which indicates the development of tolerance to both beta-blockers. Pulse rate and blood pressure were moderately reduced in both groups, both significantly more so in the propranolol group. The investigation indicates that when combined with pilocarpine the 2 adrenergic beta-receptor blockers are equally effective. We believe that oral propranolol can improve drug compliance in the treatment of glaucoma.
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PMID:Oral and topical adrenergic beta-receptor blockers in glaucoma treatment. A multicenter study. 639 Oct 72

Sustained high intraocular pressure resulting in optic nerve cupping and loss of ganglion cells was produced in five rhesus monkeys and eight pigmented rabbits by applying argon laser energy to the trabecular meshwork. In addition, the rabbits manifested buphthalmus. Flow of carbon particles subsequently injected into the anterior chamber was obstructed at the trabecular meshwork by a wound-healing response that closed the intratrabecular spaces. Besides this sustained high intraocular pressure as a result of late scarring, an acute hypertensive response was seen in all rabbits which may correspond to the acute hypertension seen after laser trabeculoplasty in humans. The acute hypertensive response could be only partially blocked by prostaglandin inhibitors and we believe that prostaglandins are not primarily responsible for this effect. Medications known to lower intraocular pressure were systematically tested in both glaucoma models.
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PMID:Ultrastructural and pharmacologic studies on laser-induced glaucoma in primates and rabbits. 652 96

A series of 24 eyes in 23 patients is described showing solitary silent venous papillary loops. These loops are usually associated with a considerable degree of ocular hypertension, presenting when this hypertension is being investigated. They are silent, usually with no previous ocular history, single with a large diameter, affecting veins at the optic disc and not extending into the vitreous. The optic disc is cupped, but usually not more than 0.6 disc diameter, there is good central vision and either a full visual field or only early field loss. Fluorescein angiography shows the loops to be competent with no evidence of any other retinal vascular abnormality. Rarely loss of central vision may occur due to progression to advanced glaucoma. The condition is distinct from prepapillary vascular arterial papillary loops, neovascularization at the optic disc and optociliary shunt vessels. It is also distinct from the venous collateral vessels which develop at the optic disc after acute central or branch retinal vein occlusion. These collaterals are usually multiple, the accompanying ocular hypertension is of lesser degree, cupping of the disc and field loss are usually much more advanced and, while visual acuity may be normal, it is often grossly reduced. On fluorescein angiography all these cases of venous collaterals after retinal vein occlusion showed evidence of other retinal vascular dysfunction. Solitary silent venous papillary loops appear to develop from venules on the optic disc as a bypass to a low grade venous occlusion which is seldom clinically manifest. They form a distinct entity with a good prognosis if the accompanying ocular hypertension is carefully controlled.
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PMID:Solitary silent venous papillary loops and ocular hypertension. 652 79

The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was investigated in an epidemiological study of diabetics traced by registration of prescriptions on insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) on the island of Falster (inhabitants 44 498), Denmark. Among 533 diabetics (227 insulin- and 306 OHA-treated) the prevalence rate of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension was 6.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Neovascular glaucoma occurred in 2.1% of all diabetics and in 21.3% of diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. Open angle glaucoma was more prevalent (P less than 0.01) in type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with type 1 diabetes mellitus. No difference in the prevalence of neovascular glaucoma was found between type 1 and type 2 diabetics. The occurrence of open angle glaucoma correlated positively (P less than 0.01) to the current age (greater than 65 years) in both groups and the diabetes onset age (greater than 40 years) in insulin-treated diabetics. Neovascular glaucoma correlated positively (P less than 0.05) with diabetic macrovascular complications in total (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular stroke, gangrene/amputation), neuropathy and severe microvascular complications (proliferative retinopathy, retinovascular occlusion). Diabetics with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension showed a higher frequency (P less than 0.05) of ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and retinovascular occlusion compared with diabetics without glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
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PMID:The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus on the island of Falster, Denmark. 663 28

A follow-up was planned of 1076 subjects with ocular normotension, with an observation period ranging from 15.8 to 18.3 years. Initially, they were included in a glaucoma screening on the island of Falster comprising 2031 volunteer blood donors. In the primary screening all 1976 persons had an applanation pressure below 20 mmHg in both eyes. The 55 with intraocular hypertension have been followed up in other studies, already published. It was possible to trace only 408 subjects (20.6%), now aged 37-78. Fourteen subjects (24 eyes) had developed ocular tensions equal to or higher than 20 mmHg. One of these, a 56-year-old man had a glaucomatous visual field defect in the right eye and a cup/disc ratio of 0.6 in both eyes. A glaucoma risk of 0.25% can thus be given.
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PMID:Glaucoma screening a 16-year follow-up of ocular normotensives. 672 Feb 86

It is the object of this paper to familiarize the ophthalmologist with some modern epidemiological techniques and to present examples of their application to a consideration of the influence of the level of intraocular pressure on the development of the type of visual field loss characteristic of primary open angle glaucoma. Epidemiological methods are particularly required in chronic multifactorial diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma and arterial hypertension to obtain reliable guidance on practical measures for their treatment or control. Two basic requirements are reliable uniform data suitable for computer manipulation and epidemiological methods to exploit the data and yield conclusions as free of bias and confounding as possible. An example of a glaucoma data base is described and types of enquiry and the importance of standardising prevalence estimations are discussed. Analyses by the four-fold table, risk ratios, the effect of stratification, sensitivity, specifity and the decision curve are described. Attributable risk (potential for prevention) is indicated as yielding information suitable for public health programmes. The life table method is described when relating initial observations to subsequent progressive visual field loss. The factors to be considered in epidemiological work generally and the inferences concerning the early diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma are discussed.
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PMID:[Intraocular pressure and primary open-angle glaucoma. Epidemiologic technics in practice]. 672 50

Timolol, a nonselective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent without intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane stabilizing activity, has been shown effective in the treatment of angina and hypertension. It is particularly useful in patients with stable angina pectoris and patients with mild to moderate hypertension. In both of these conditions, timolol appears to be comparable to propranolol. A recent study has suggested that timolol reduces mortality and reinfarction rate in patients who have recently had a myocardial infarction. When given topically timolol reduces intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma; the drug may be used as the primary agent or as an adjunct to standard therapy. Careful selection of patients will reduce the frequency of adverse effects due to beta-receptor inhibition. Thus, timolol should not be used in patients who are predisposed to asthmatic bronchitis or cardiac failure, and it should be used with caution in patients with peripheral vascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, indications, and adverse effects of timolol maleate, a nonselective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent. 676 88


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