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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Whereas up to the end of the last century overweight reflected the privilege of the high society and her relative good health, the recent epidemiological studies have assessed the relations between body weight and general or cause specific morbidity and mortality. The major diseases associated with obesity are hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes, as well as certain types of cancer. Less well known complications include hepatic steatosis, gallbladder diseases, pulmonary function impairment, endocrine abnormalities, obstetric complications, trauma to the weight bearing joints, gout, cutaneous diseases, proteinuria, increased hemoglobin concentration and possibly immunologic impairments. From these wide epidemiological studies arise the definition of obesity: with an excess of 20% beyond the desirable weight, the complications bound to the overweight become statistically more frequent. Over there a U or J shaped curve illustrates the relation between the overweight and the degree of these various complications. An excess of 45 kg or more represents the critical level which defined "morbid obesity" with its own complications, the most important are sudden unexplained death, ventilatory disorders, circulatory congestion and functional limitations in activities of daily living and of course psychological consequences. When for certain complications, such as diabetes, the relationship with the overweight is evident, discrepancies between certain studies, especially for the cardiovascular diseases, had focused the attention on the regional patterns of fat distribution. Cross-sectional studies have shown abdominal obesity to be strongly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, stroke and death independent of the total degree of obesity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The contribution of epidemiology to the definition of obesity and its risk factors]. 266 68

In a cross-sectional health screening 636 persons with negative urine glucose, a 75-g-oral glucose tolerance test was performed. We report the clinical features of the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus. In 96 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the frequencies of alcohol dependency, fatty liver, and of increased levels of serum uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, total serum protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher than in normal subjects. In 37 subjects with diabetes mellitus, the frequencies of fatty liver, hypertension and of increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly higher than in normal subjects. In addition, significant increases in serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides, serum total cholesterol and body mass index, and a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol were also observed in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. These results suggest that alcohol dependency, fatty liver, obesity and hyperlipidemia are important concomitants of impaired glucose tolerance.
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PMID:Study on background factors associated with impaired glucose tolerance and/or diabetes mellitus. 278 10

A high cholesterol/cholate diet induced hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control rats (WKY). However, in contrast to previous concepts, the levels of cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine in plasma as well as triacylglycerol in liver were higher in WKY than in SHR fed a normal diet. The high cholesterol/cholate diet elevated the levels of plasma cholesterol, plasma cholesterol ester and hepatic triacylglycerol, and the extent of elevation was significantly higher in WKY than in SHR. Increases both in monoene/saturated ratios, an indication of elevated delta 9-desaturase activity, and in linoleate/arachidonate ratios, a possible indication of impaired desaturation-elongation activity, were observed in hepatic and plasma lipids of both strains fed the high cholesterol/cholate diet. The increases in monoene/saturated ratios were similar in both strains, but the increases in the linoleate/arachidonate ratios were higher for the plasma cholesterol esters of WKY than of SHR. The n-6/n-3 ratios of plasma and hepatic lipids were higher in WKY than in SHR throughout the experiments. These diet-induced changes observed in hepatic and plasma lipids were not reflected in the aortic lipids. Thus, hypertension per se does not promote the development of hyperlipemia and fatty liver induced by a high cholesterol/cholate diet. Our results also suggest that the metabolism of polyenoic fatty acids is different between SHR and WKY.
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PMID:Hypertension does not stimulate the development of hypercholesterolemia or fatty liver induced by a high cholesterol/cholate diet in rats. 280 64

A pilot study to improve unhealthy life habits of thirty middle-aged male clerical workers (45 +/- 3.58 yr.) with mild health disorders such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and fatty liver was carried out. Under prohibition of smoking and alcohol intake, they spent five nights and six days at a hot spring resort, taking part in planned health training programs which included aerobic training, hiking in forests, hot spring baths, cooking practice and lectures about healthy life, controlled by medical, dietary and physical training staffs. To evaluate the short-term effects of these activities, body weight, blood pressure, serum lipid (total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total free fatty acid and phospholipid), blood sugar, uric acid, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were examined early in the morning of the second (before) and the fifth (after) days, and then their impressions of these recreation activities were monitored by questionnaires on the sixth day. By t-tests of all before-and-after data, it was shown that mean values of body weight, systolic blood pressure, high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and gamma-GTP were improved, but fasting blood sugar, uric acid and GOT were not improved. In comparison of blood pressure levels, the hypertensive group (n = 9) showed lowering in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, though the normal group (n = 10) had slight elevation. In addition, in the hypercholesterolemic group (n = 11, greater than or equal to 220 mg/dl) mean total cholesterol values decreased, conversely in the hypocholesterolemic group (n = 6, less than 180 mg/dl) they increased. Moreover, the obese group (n = 15, obesity index greater than or equal to 120%) showed greater decreases of body weight, triglyceride and phospholipid than the non-obese group. From questionnaires, it was confirmed that through these recreation activities most participants found mental and spiritual satisfaction, in spite of heavy physical loads. The short-term recreation activities under a stressless environment seemed to maintain the function of homeostasis in the body, but further investigation is needed to examine the relation between the contents of diets and physical activities, and to follow the long-term effects on the participants.
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PMID:[A study on the physical effects of short-time recreation activities at a hot spring resort on unhealthy middle-aged workers]. 281 Aug 61

Acute renal failure is a most challenging clinical problem when it occurs in pregnancy. It requires an understanding of the normal physiology of the kidney in pregnancy and the natural history of different underlying renal diseases when pregnancy occurs. Because patients with chronic renal disease may present with worsening proteinuria, hypertension, and renal function, these disorders must be excluded from those conditions that cause acute deterioration of renal failure in otherwise normal women during pregnancy. As in all patients who develop acute renal failure, prerenal and obstructive causes must be excluded. Particularly important causes of prerenal azotemia in pregnancy include hyperemesis gravidarum and uterine hemorrhage, especially if it is unsuspected as in abruptio placentae. Infectious causes of acute renal failure in the pregnant woman include acute pyelonephritis and septic abortion. The clinical presentation of both these conditions should be apparent, and appropriate diagnosis and treatment can then be promptly instituted. Renal cortical necrosis is another cause of renal failure that occurs more frequently in pregnancy, and it must be differentiated from the many causes of acute tubular necrosis that may be associated with pregnancy. Those conditions that cause renal failure unique to pregnancy must always be considered when renal function deteriorates in the last trimester or the postpartum period. Severe preeclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and idiopathic postpartum acute renal failure may all present similar complications, but the approach to each of these clinical disorders must be individualized. By understanding the causes of renal functional deterioration in pregnancy, a logical differential diagnosis can be established, allowing appropriate therapeutic decisions to preserve both maternal and fetal well-being.
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PMID:Acute renal failure in pregnancy. 305 11

The effect of nicardipine on experimental hyperlipemia induced by a 1% cholesterol diet in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated by the change of hemodynamics and the determination of lipid contents of the serum, liver, heart and aorta. Nicardipine increased liver weight and liver weight per body weight ratio, and it decreased heart and kidney weight significantly. Nicardipine inhibited the increase in blood pressure with cholesterol and normal diets. Nicardipine decreased heart rate in SHR fed the normal diet, and it inhibited the increase in heart rate in SHR fed the cholesterol diet. Serum lipid levels significantly increased with the cholesterol diet. Nicardipine significantly increased cholesterol in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and phospholipid in HDL (HDL-PL) with cholesterol and normal diets, and it decreased triglyceride and improved the atherogenic index "(total cholesterol-HDL-C)/HDL-C" with the normal diet. Serum GOT and GPT significantly increased with the cholesterol diet. Nicardipine significantly enhanced an increase in GOT and GPT levels with the cholesterol diet. Nicardipine increased phospholipid content in the liver, triglyceride in the heart, and it decreased total cholesterol in the aorta. A morphologic study showed a fatty liver in SHR fed the cholesterol diet, but nicardipine had no effect on the morphological changes in the liver, heart and aorta. These results suggest that nicardipine may prevent atherosclerotic degeneration by the inhibition of hypertension, increase in serum HDL and decrease in total cholesterol in the aorta.
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PMID:[Effect of nicardipine on cholesterol-fed S.H.R]. 405 35

Obesity is an additional risk factor in surgical patients. The mortality rate in obese patients is high (3.6% in my series) and the morbidity is much higher. These patients may be prediabetic, diabetic, hypertensive or atherosclerotic and they are liable to develop postoperative coronary thromboses and chest complications such as acute massive collapse of the lung or bronchopneumonia. In upper abdominal operations, they are more liable to develop septic wounds and postoperative distension. Thrombo-embolic phenomena are more pronte to develop in the obese. Intraoperative bleeding is particularly frequent in obese patients with hypertension, atheroscleroses and fatty liver. Surgery in severe obesity should be limited to emergencies. Elective surgery is not recommended unless it is mandatory, e.g. to reduce weight in hard-core obesity which resists expert medical treatment. Many hard-core obesity cases have psychological problems and require special pre- and postoperative psychological care.
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PMID:The hazards of surgery in the obese. 405 70

The major diseases associated with obesity are hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, as well as certain types of cancer. Less well-known complications include hepatic steatosis, gallbladder disease, pulmonary function impairment, endocrine abnormalities, obstetric complications, trauma to the weight-bearing joints, gout, cutaneous disease, proteinuria, increased hemoglobin concentration, and possibly immunologic impairment. A U- or J-shaped curve illustrates the relation between body mass index and the degree of these various complications. This relationship can be used to provide guidelines for assessing treatment of obesity.
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PMID:Complications of obesity. 406 25

Stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SP/SHR) were fed a low protein (8%) fish diet + 1% saline at the time of weaning; some were treated with Naloxone (0.4 mg/100 gms bw/sc/2 X daily/5 days per week). Naloxone-treated animals did not develop high blood pressure or strokes. Sixty-two days after feeding the low protein fish diet, blood pressure levels reached 260-300 mmHg and all of the non-treated animals exhibited acute and severe strokes; Naloxone treatment was again initiated for half of the SP/SHR. By Day 4 (post stroke), all of the non-treated SP/SHR were dead; Naloxone-treated SP/SHR survived until Day 12 (post stroke). Naloxone-treatment during the post-stroke period caused significant reduction of blood pressure, ACTH, and beta-endorphin levels concomitant with reduced cerebral edema and clearance of hepatic lipid infiltration. It is suggested that anti-opiate treatment may ameliorate the severe hypertension-inducing effects of a low protein fish diet and thereby prevent the appearance of strokes in SP/SHR as well as palliate the cerebral edema and fatty liver which characteristically appear in the immediate post-stroke period in fish-fed SP/SHR. The central mechanism of this palliative effect may be through reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity.
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PMID:Naloxone ameliorates the pathophysiologic changes which lead to and attend an acute stroke in stroke-prone/SHR. 646 55

A sub-strain of male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) capable of having massively obese or non-obese offspring were bred repeatedly or were maintained as virgin controls. When the male and female breeders had sired or given birth to 5 litters of young, they were autopsied along with their 10-month-old celibate brothers and sisters. Virgin and breeder SHR developed high blood pressure (250 +/- 10 mm Hg). Breeder rats were significantly heavier than their virgin cohorts; pituitary and adrenal glands, hearts, and kidneys were significantly enlarged while thymi were severely involuted in breeder vs virgin SHR. The hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, hyperglycemia, and islet hyperplasia, characteristic of virgin SHR, were greatly exacerbated in breeder SHR. Blood levels of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and aldosterone were greatly elevated in breeder vs virgin SHR. Although breeder rats of genetically normotensive strains develop aortic sclerosis, none of the breeder SHR developed aortic sclerosis. Instead, intimal fibrinohyalin lesions appeared confined to the testes and ovaries. It is suggested that the anatomical appearance or resistance of the arterial wall to the development of lesions is genetically mediated but this genetic programming may be modified by metabolic and hormonal factors with particular emphasis on the participation of adrenocorticoids.
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PMID:Hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension in repeatedly bred parents of the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (obese/SHR) unaccompanied by arteriosclerosis. 674 80


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