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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Relatively low co-existence of malignant neoplasms and chronic cardiovascular disease was documented in this work the emphasis being put on the conditions running with myocardial hypertrophy. The percentage of malignancy in the total autopsy material of 5821 men and 6849 women was 27.8 and 23.0 resp., and in the subgroup with heart weight 300-400 g, 36.8 and 31.0 resp. This percentage was significantly lower in separated subgroups of: a. arterial hypertension, 6.6 and 10.2, b. cardio-pulmonary syndrome, 23.0 and 18.5, c. healed myocardial infarct accompanied by myocardial hypertrophy, 13.3 and 11.7, d. acquired valvar deformity, 15.3 and 10.1. The subgroup of heart weight 150-250 g showed 57.2% and 46.6% of cases with malignancy while that of cardiac weight over 600 g-7.4% and 5.7%. In the subgroup of normal right-(2-3 mm) and left-ventricular (10-12 mm) wall thickness corresponding percentage equalled 29.4 and 30.1, in the subgroup of right-ventricular wall thickness over 6 mm--14.4 and 8.8, and in that of left-ventricular wall thickness over 18 mm--12.5 and 9.4. Scanty available information suggests some antimitotic activity of catecholamines believed to condition that of chalones. Catecholamines are also attributed with the stimulation of myocardial hypertrophy. The correlation of our findings with assumptions mentioned above seem to justify a hypothesis, or only a possibility, that compensatory mechanisms active in the cardiovascular diseases create an unfavourable background for the development of neoplasm.
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PMID:Relation between cardiovascular pathologic conditions and malignant tumours as seen by pathologist. I. Frequency of malignant neoplasms in the population with myocardial hypertrophy as seen by pathologist. 128 47

To assess the effect of age on cardiac structure and function, we performed echocardiograms on 104 physically active, normal, community-dwelling volunteers (68 men and 36 women), ranging in age from 18 to 84 years and having no evidence of hypertension or cardiovascular disease. With advancing adult aging, the following were observed: a decrease in aortic compliance (r = 0.42); an increase in systolic (r = 0.61), diastolic (r = 0.24), pulse (r = 0.60) and mean (r = 0.48) arterial pressure; and a modest enlargement of aortic root (r = 0.47) and left atrial dimension (r = 0.30) were observed. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = 0.25), wall thickness (r = 0.30) and mass (r = 0.37) also increased with aging, while left ventricular end-systolic volume was not age-related. Furthermore, a stepwise multivariate linear model identified the decrease in arterial compliance (R2 = 0.06; p < 0.02) and the increase in left ventricular stroke work (R2 = 0.38; p < 0.0001) as the only variables independently related to the increase in left ventricular mass that occurs with advancing age. Regarding left ventricular systolic function, aging was also related to an increase in left ventricular stroke work (r = 0.40) and ejection time (r = 0.44), while pump function, (measured as ejection fraction and cardiac index at rest), and contractility (measured by load independent end-systolic indexes) were unaffected by aging. Conversely, pulsed Doppler analysis of mitral inflow showed a significant age-related decline in the peak early filling velocity (r = -0.45) and in the ratio of early and late diastolic filling velocity (r = -0.66), while peak late diastolic flow velocity (r = 0.50), diastolic pressure half time (r = 0.34) and duration of isovolumic relaxation (r = 0.56) increased significantly with age.
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PMID:[Age-induced changes in the cardiovascular system in normal subjects]. 129 20

The main points covered in this review are as follows: 1. Hypertension is a major determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As such it is a major cause of mortality, potential years of life lost, morbidity and long-term disability. 2. The incidence of CVD is directly related to BP. It is likely that this extends over the full range of BP although some writers believe that a J-curve of risk exists for CHD. 3. The relationship between long-term disability from CVD and BP requires further study. 4. Because of regression dilution bias, the gradient in risk of stroke and CHD with BP has been underestimated in the past. Recent research suggests that the risk of stroke increases at least tenfold and CHD sixfold over a range of usual DBP of 30 mmHg (equivalent to approximately 50 mmHg baseline DBP). 5. The population attributable risk (PAR) of CVD related to general elevation of BP in the population from a mean daily excess of sodium intake of 100 mmol/day is at least 30%. In typical industrialised countries the PAR for stroke and CHD from clinical hypertension is 36% and 22%, respectively. These estimates of PAR provide a guide to the maximum benefit that could result from either restriction of sodium intake in the whole population or ideal management of all persons with hypertension. In practice such targets are unlikely to be realised. 6. Recent analyses of clinical trials of treatment of hypertension suggest that the risk of stroke is reduced at all levels of initial BP to the extent predicted from observational studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Review of the benefits of treating hypertension. 129 6

The role of triglycerides in cardiovascular disease is a controversial subject. Despite differences of opinion, present data allow a certain number of conclusions to be drawn. Hyperchylomicronemia is not associated with atherosclerosis, whereas type III hyperlipidemia is very atherogenic. These two abnormalities are, however, rare, and the majority of hypertriglyceridemias are, in practice, associated with increased very low density lipoproteins. Many epidemiological trials do not identify hypertriglyceridemia as an independent risk factor when the cholesterol and, in particular, the HDL cholesterol levels, are taken into consideration. Nevertheless, these results must be interpreted with caution as hypertriglyceridemia represents a very heterogeneous entity which is closely related to many factors which affect coronary risk (hypertension, insulin resistance, sedentarity, and even tobacco consumption). Therefore, hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL-emia may be the result of the same primary abnormality; as the HDL-cholesterol level is more stable, it is the parameter which will be identified as a protective factor in epidemiological trials. The available data is insufficient to affirm that therapeutic lowering of triglycerides is accompanied by a reduced coronary risk because none of the large scale trials were designed to analyse this problem. Despite these epidemiological data, the measurement of serum triglyceride levels remains important in patients with hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:[Role of triglycerides in cardiovascular diseases]. 129 43

The management of hyperlipidemia in individuals aged 60 or over is a serious problem, given the frequency of metabolic abnormalities in this age group. The decision to treat must take into account a number of uncertainties. Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor in the elderly and, in general, its importance varies like the other major risk factors (hypertension and smoking): the relative risk decreases with age but this decrease in relative risk is associated with an increase in the absolute risk because the prevalence of cardiovascular disease greatly increases with age. The serum cholesterol level increases with age but the physiopathological mechanism os this increase is poorly understood (reduction in the number of LDC receptors?). In the over 70s, serum cholesterol levels decrease, probably because of a selection due to the deaths of subjects at higher risk. No therapeutic trials have been performed to evaluate the effects of lowering the serum cholesterol in the over 60s. In addition, strict application of international recommendations in this age group would result in a large number of therapeutic interventions, the value of which would be questionable. Under these conditions, practical clinical advice is based on reasoned extrapolation of epidemiological data obtained in middle-aged men. Treatment should therefore be reserved for sever forms of hyperlipidemia, taking into consideration the life expectancy of the individual.
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PMID:[Hyperlipidemia in patients over 60 years old]. 129 49

Data on the prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the Framingham Study based on routine ECG, echocardiogram (ECHO) and X-ray determination with 36 years of follow-up indicate that LVH has emerged as a powerful indicator of rapidly evolving lethal atherosclerotic disease, whether determined by ECG, ECHO or X-ray. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase progressively with left ventricular muscle mass from lowest to highest values. The ECG and X-ray versions of LVH each independently contribute to the risk of cardiovascular events; each adds to the risk associated with the other, and those with both are at greater risk than those with either alone. Risk ratios associated with ECG-LVH are substantial and are greatest for cardiac failure and stroke, but coronary disease is the commonest and most lethal sequela. LVH is reversible, the anatomical variety more so than ECG-LVH, and reversal of this toward normal appears to confer greater benefit for the anatomical rather than the ECG manifestation of LVH. The risk of cardiovascular disease associated with LVH is not uniform, varying widely depending not only on whether there is concomitant ECG and anatomical evidence of hypertrophy but also on the associated hypertension, glucose intolerance, lipid profile and cigarette smoking habit. This suggests that there is much to be gained in correcting those associated risk factors which also promote the development of LVH.
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PMID:Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality--results from the Framingham Study. 130 Dec 57

The distribution of some cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of elderly population is reported. The study population consisted of 427 males aged 71-91, examined in 1991 and belonging to the Italian rural section of the Seven Countries Study on Cardiovascular Diseases. Systolic blood pressure shows an increasing trend with age, with mean levels greater than 160 mmHg in each quinquennium, while the prevalence of hypertension ranges between 60 and 75%. Other risk factors considered such as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, height and smoking habit show decreasing levels with ageing. This trend is clear also for fasting glucose from the age group 76-80.
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PMID:[Prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of the aged population]. 130 3

Research and development in contraception has only limited interest in women over 35 years old, so we know little about safety, side effects, and effectiveness of contraceptives in this age group. In addition, clinical trials use healthy women which further limits our knowledge about contraceptives in women who have cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and liver conditions. Research does indicate, however, that women with high blood pressure should not take oral contraceptives (OCs) after the age of 35. It also shows that healthy and nonobese women over 35 who do not smoke and have no family history of cardiovascular disease before age 45 can take OCs with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. Practitioners should provide these women with balanced and up-to-date information on the link between OCs and breast cancer and their apparent protective effect against endometrial cancer. The pregnancy rate for 35-39 year old married women using the diaphragm for at least 5 months stands at 1.1/100 women years. Contrary to popular belief, barrier methods can be harmful, e.g., urinary tract infections are more frequent in women who use the diaphragm than in those who do not. Women older than 35 should consider the condom because of its ability to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Considerable research exists on women over 35 who use copper releasing IUDs. These IUDs are safe in women who do not have heavy menstrual bleeding. The levonorgestrel releasing IUDs are well tolerated in women over 35 since they reduce the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding. Besides users of these IUDs are less likely to have pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis than those using copper releasing IUDs. Older women in developing countries often undergo hysterectomy for contraceptive purposes and because of heavy bleeding. Tubal ligation is a significant family planning method for older women in developing countries.
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PMID:Contraception after thirty-five. 131 37

The medical effects of modest weight reduction (approximately 10% or less) in patients with obesity-associated medical complications were reviewed. The National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database and the Derwent RINGDOC database were searched to identify English language studies that examined the effects of weight loss in obese patients with serious medical complications commonly associated with obesity (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or type II), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular disease). Studies in which patients experienced approximately 10% or less weight reduction were selected for review. Studies indicated that, for obese patients with NIDDM, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, modest weight reduction appeared to improve glycemic control, reduce blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels, respectively. Modest weight reduction also appeared to increase longevity in obese individuals. In conclusion, a large proportion of obese individuals with NIDDM, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia experienced positive health benefits with modest weight loss. For patients who are unable to attain and maintain substantial weight reduction, modest weight loss should be recommended; even a small amount of weight loss appears to benefit a substantial subset of obese patients.
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PMID:Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. 132 66

Cardiovascular disease constitutes an expanding problem in the elderly because of the increasing size of the aged population. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes are responsible for the predonderance of cardiovascular disease, which causes 70% of all deaths beyond age 75. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common and most lethal cardiovascular event in both sexes, exacting a large toll in disability and deteriorated quality of life in old age. Unrecognized myocardial infarctions are especially common and are as serious as symptomatic infarctions. beyond age 65, women are as vulnerable to cardiovascular death as men. The predisposing modifiable risk factors for coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and cardiac failure are similar in young and old and in men and women. These include hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, physical indolence, and cigarette smoking. An attenuated risk ratio for some risk factors is offset by a greater incidence of cardiovascular events in advanced age so that the attributable risk and the potential benefit of treatment rise with age. Because the major risk factors predict CHD as efficiently in the elderly as in the young, and the decline in cardiovascular mortality has included the elderly, preventive efforts in the elderly may have substantial potential benefit. At advanced age, total cholesterol levels are considerably higher in women than in men. Some 10 million elderly, two-thirds of whom are women, may require investigation and treatment for elevated lipid levels, as determined by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines. Because of the preponderance of women in the elderly population, trials of the efficacy of correcting risk factors in general, and lipids in particular, should include women.
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PMID:Demographics of the prevalence, incidence, and management of coronary heart disease in the elderly and in women. 134 64


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