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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Representative studies in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany show that 12 to 25% of the adult population have elevated blood pressure values of 160/95 mm Hg or above. The incidence of hypertension increases with age. Approximately 2 to 6% of high school students have hypertension whereas 30 to 50% of persons older than 60 years may be found to have elevated blood pressure. In consideration of selected epidemiologic studies, it is apparent that even mild degrees of hypertension increase mortality and the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. The superimposition of hypertension on additional risk factors renders the probability of disease excessively high. However the rationale for antihypertensive treatment is not based on the relation between blood pressure levels and life expectancy or morbidity risk, but on controlled therapeutic trials showing that blood pressure reduction at all levels of hypertension leads to decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and reduction of mortality.
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PMID:[Incidence, natural history and complications of chronic arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. 72 Oct 51

The differences in cardiovascular health status between participants and non-participants were examined in a population-based cardiovascular study. Telephone interviews with non-respondents revealed generally more cardiovascular disease but less hyperlipidemia and family history of cardiovascular disease. Non-respondents did not differ regarding known hypertension, diet or drug therapy for hyperlipidemia, or egg use. Non-respondents were more likely to be cigarette smokers. Because the amount of non-respondent bias in the study was small while the response rate was high, respondents were generally representative of the target population. However, the observed differences could have produced spuriously high estimates of risk factor prevalence, low estimates of disease prevalence, and biased relative risks if the non-response rate and/or the baseline differences had been considerably larger.
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PMID:Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population-based cardiovascular disease study. 72 5

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are known coronary risk factors. It has been our impression that premature graying of the hair also predisposes individuals to myocardial infarctions. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated all of the patients under the age of 50 who were admitted to the coronary care unit between 1974 and 1976 with a proven diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. There were 50 patients. Thirty-eight did not have premature graying. Twelve of the male patients (24%) had virtual total graying of the hair which made them appear older than their stated age. The graying in these patients started on the average at 29 years. Five of these patients state that other family members had premature hair graying. The incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was similar in those with and without premature hair graying. This preliminary study suggests that premature graying of the hair is associated with premature cardiovascular disease. It should probably be regarded as a coronary risk factor and used to identify patients at increased risk.
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PMID:Premature hair graying: a probable coronary risk factor. 72 61

The proposition that lifestyle is a major determinant of community health is explored by contrasting the features of a rural subsistence community in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and the features of the community in urbanized, industrialized Australia. Reference is made to differences in physical environment, housing, work, social situation, human relationships, patterns of disease, population statistics, diet, growth, obesity, physical fitness, blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, salt intake and the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and signs of degenerative changes in various tissues. The Papua New Guinea community is seen as a self-reliant, self-contained, socially cohesive subsistence society whose members are well adapted to their physical and social environment, free from major degenerative cardiovascular diseases, with little overt psychiatric illness, but with a heavy burden of infectious disease, with marginal nutritional levels of degenerative disease and disease from psychological stress. It is clear that health, in its fullest sense, is not the prerogative of any one type of society.
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PMID:Lifestyle, health and disease: a comparison between Papua New Guinea and Australia. 73 10

The relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and intellectual functioning was investigated using a categorical division of a previously studied cross-sequential sample into groups with and without clinical cardiovascular diagnoses during the period of assessment. CVD was found to be a significant predictor of performance on several cognitive subtests, even when chronological age (cohort) was included as a factor in the statistical analysis. However, the pattern of effects was not completely consistent with a model relating CVD to intellectual decrement over time. Further breakdown of subjects into CVD subgroups (e.g., hypertension) showed the CVD effect to be specific to some subgroups, but did not fully resolve the inconsistency with the decremental model. The results also suggest CVD to be one of the factors leading to subsequent attrition from the sequential sample.
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PMID:Cardiovascular disease and changes in intellectual functioning from middle to old age. 74 60

The CO2 rebreathing method, a noninvasive indirect Fick procedure, has been previously validated in normal subjects at supine rest and during exercise. In the present study 29 nearly simultaneous measurements of cardiac output were made by CO2 rebreathing and dye dilution in 17 patients with cardiovascular disease, 11 with hypertension, and six with congestive heart failure. Cardiac output at supine rest averaged 5.52 +/- 0.31 L. per minute by CO2 and 5.62 +/- 0.32 L. per minute by dye dilution (r = 0.93). Successive cardiac output measurements by rebreathing varied 6.0 +/- 1.1 per cent (r = 0.96) and by dye dilution, 6.5 +/- 0.9 per cent. Changes in cardiac output during exercise or after beta-adrenergic blockade were reflected by the CO2 method. It is concluded that the CO2 method provides reliable measurements of cardiac output both at rest and during exercise in patients with hypertension or congestive heart failure. Further validation of the method is needed in various disease states before it can be widely applied.
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PMID:Validation of the CO2 rebreathing method for measuring cardiac output in patients with hypertension or heart failure. 78 59

A study of the width of the aortic shadow and of the cardiothoracic ratios in 183 chest radiographs, of persons over the age of 35 years, shows that hypertension produces a constant enlargment of the aortic shadow. The study suggests that gross enlargement, in the absence of disease of the aorta or of the aortic valves, is a result of hypertension. The authors suggest that this enlargement is valuable in delineating a sub-group of cases of myocardial failure in which the primary cause of failure may be hypertension. Cases with gross aortic arch dilation and no detectable cardiovascular disease often have cardiomegaly. The question of the possibility of remission of untreated hypertension is raised.
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PMID:The significance of the enlargement of the aortic shadow in adult Nigerians. 82 29

In order to investigate the combined effects of diabetes and hypertension on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, adult male and female SHR rats which develop hypertension spontaneously were given a single, 10 mg or 15 mg/100 g body wt. injection of alloxan s.c. to induce moderate or severe diabetes. Insulin was deliberately withheld. Animals were examined by autopsy daily for 7 days post-alloxan and after 4 and 8 weeks. Mortality was high--only 52% of the males survived as against 80% of the females. Most deaths occurred on Day 5 and were associated with adrenal haemorrhage and hyperplasia, thymus galnd involution, fatty liver and marked hypotension despite elevated aldosterone levels. During the first week, corticosterone levels increased significantly in the male; in females they showed little change. After 4 weeks, the severly diabetic animals became emaciated and moribund; corticosterone and aldosterone levels fell to very low levels despite adrenal hyperplasia. The beta cells of the moderately diabetic animals eventually lost their ability to secrete insulin and these animals too became cachetic and moribund with concomitant elevation of lipid, glucose and BUN levels, as well as myocardial infarction, fatty liver, and generalized hyalin arteriolo-, arterio-, and nephrosclerosis. It is suggested that the combined hormonal and metabolic alterations of diabetes and hypertension reinforced one another in these spontaneously hypertensive rats, leading to intense stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, the exacerbation of those cardiovascular degenerative changes known to be associated with uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension, eventual impaired adrenocortical steroidogenesis, hypotension and death.
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PMID:Alloxan diabetes in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gravimetric, metabolic and histopathological alterations. 86 Nov 67

Echocardiograms were performed on 105 male participants in the National Institutes on Aging's volunteer Longitudinal Study Program. All subjects (25--84 years of age) were physically active and had no evidence of hypertension or cardiovascular disease. Measurements were made of the initial diastolic (E-F) slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, the aortic and left ventricular cavity dimensions, and the thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall. Fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis of the left ventricle and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were also determined. It was found that increasing age correlated with a decrease mitral valve E-F slope and increased aortic root diameter and left ventricular wall thickness. Aging did not affect left ventricular cavity dimension, fractional shortening of the minor semi-axis, and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These findings suggest that aging in the normal male is associated with altered left ventricular diastolic filling, increased aortic root diameter and left ventricle hypertrophy but little change in contractile ability in the resting state.
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PMID:Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. 87 21

Electrocardiograms of 8 000 flying personnel, who had been undergoing routine medical examinations from 1963 to 1976, were analysed for the presence of ventricular ectopic beats (VEB). Those in whom VEB persisted, i.e. VEB of the same form recorded in two or more tracings taken at least 1 year apart, were carefully examined for the presence of cardiovascular disease and followed up. VEB were detected in 178 (2,2%) of the 8 000 subjects. Of the 98 subjects followed up after VEB had been detected, 54 (55%) showed persistence of this arrhythmia. Significant cardiovascular disease, i.e. ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or atrial fibrillation, developed in 15 (27%) of these subjects at some time during the study. No instances of sudden death occurred over a mean follow-up period of 8,3 years, even though complex (multiform, repetitive or alternating) VEB were recorded in 20 (37%) of the 54 subjects.
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PMID:Persistent ventricular ectopic beats: a long-term study. 91 Jan 97


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