Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
 170,190 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heart failure is the final state of virtually all forms of primary or secondary heart disease. In this abnormal pathophysiological syndrome, a wide spectrum of clinical physiological cardiac states (congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary and cardiomyopathic) as well as some hyperkinetic circulatory/metabolic states leads to a low, normal or even high cardiac output--inadequate, however, in front of the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. In this revision article the A.A. successively consider the main causes of cardiac-circulatory failure, pointing out, at the end, the usefulness of recognizing the underlying and the precipitating causes of heart failure, in order to rapidly establish the appropriate therapeutic and preventive approaches. Four clinical cases are presented illustrating some of the underlying "treatable" causes of heart failure systemic hypertension, iatrogenic hypophosphatemia, chronic alcoholism and hemochromatosis.
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PMID:[Congestive heart insufficiency as the end-stage of several nosologic entities]. 269 99

Anemia is an almost invariable feature of chronic renal failure and is particularly severe in children treated by long-term hemodialysis. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) offers entirely new aspects in the treatment of renal anemia. This report presents three patients on maintenance hemodialysis aged 10, 10/10 12, and 18 years who were treated with rhEPO. Two suffered from hemochromatosis secondary to multiple transfusions. 100 U/kg rhEPO were administered three times weekly, and venesection after dialysis was performed when a target hematocrit value of 30% was achieved. Hematocrit, reticulocyte-counts and hemoglobin rose within 3 to 6 weeks after initiation of therapy in all patients. Serumferritin levels declined significantly in the two patients with hemochromatosis. No deterioration of the metabolic status (i.e. increase of blood urea nitrogen, serum-creatinine, -phosphate or -potassium) could be detected. Therapy had to be discontinued in one patient who experienced hypertensive ceisis. This patient, however, had suffered from severe hypertension prior to rhEPO therapy. Blood pressure remained stable in the other patients. We conclude that renal anemia can be effectively treated by rhEPO in children. Increase of blood pressure may necessitate discontinuation of therapy especially in primary hypertensive patients. Extensive studies are necessary to eluciate long-term effects of rhEPO in children.
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PMID:[Treatment of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin]. 271 49

It is here proposed that disordered redox balance leads to congestive heart failure in a variety of diverse clinical situations. These conditions include those associated with an excess of reducing agents, such as catecholamines and thyroid hormone, or impaired oxidant defenses, such as in selenium deficiency. The clinical situations include hypertension, hyperthyroidism, progressive congestive heart failure, amphetamine overdose and hemochromatosis. The molecular damage to the cardiac muscle is postulated to be mediated via reaction oxygen radicals.
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PMID:An etiologic basis for congestive heart failure on the molecular level. 632 33

Seventy-two long-surviving liver transplant recipients were evaluated prospectively, including a baseline allograft biopsy for weaning off of immunosuppression. Thirteen were removed from candidacy because of chronic rejection (n = 4), hepatitis (n = 2), patient anxiety (n = 5), or lack of cooperation by the local physician (n = 2). The other 59, aged 12-68 years, had stepwise drug weaning with weekly or biweekly monitoring of liver function tests. Their original diagnoses were PBC (n = 9), HCC (n = 1), Wilson's disease (n = 4), hepatitides (n = 15), Laennec's cirrhosis (n = 1), biliary atresia (n = 16), cystic fibrosis (n = 1), hemochromatosis (n = 1), hepatic trauma (n = 1), alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (n = 9), and secondary biliary cirrhosis (n = 1). Most of the patients had complications of long-term immunosuppression, of which the most significant were renal dysfunction (n = 8), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 2) or verruca vulgaris of skin (n = 9), osteoporosis and/or arthritis (n = 12), obesity (n = 3), hypertension (n = 11), and opportunistic infections (n = 2). When azathioprine was a third drug, it was stopped first. Otherwise, weaning began with prednisone, using the results of corticotropin stimulation testing as a guide. If adrenal insufficiency was diagnosed, patients reduced to < 5 mg/day prednisone were considered off of steroids. The baseline agents (azathioprine, cyclosporine, or FK506) were then gradually reduced in monthly decrements. Complete weaning was accomplished in 16 patients (27.1%) with 3-19 months drug-free follow-up, is progressing in 28 (47.4%), and failed in 15 (25.4%) without graft losses or demonstrable loss of graft function from the rejections. This and our previous experience with self-weaned and other patients off of immunosuppression indicate that a significant percentage of appropriately selected long-surviving liver recipients can unknowingly achieve drug-free graft acceptance. Such attempts should not be contemplated until 5-10 years posttransplantation and then only with careful case selection, close monitoring, and prompt reinstitution of immunosuppression when necessary.
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PMID:Weaning of immunosuppression in long-term liver transplant recipients. 783 42

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is in most patients (approximately 70%) associated with organic heart disease including valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart disease, mostly atrial septal defect in adults. In many chronic conditions, determining whether AF is the result or is unrelated to the underlying heart disease, remains unclear. The list of possible etiologies also include cardiac amyloidosis, hemochromatosis and endomyocardial fibrosis. Other heart diseases, such as mitral valve prolapse (without mitral regurgitation), calcifications of the mitral annulus, atrial myxoma, pheochomocytoma, and idiopathic dilated right atrium may present with AF. Atrial fibrillation may occur in the absence of detectable organic heart disease, the so-called "lone AF", in about 30% of cases. The term "idiopathic AF" implies the absence of any detectable etiology including hyperthyroidism, chronic obstructive lung disease, overt sinus node dysfunction, and overt or concealed preexcitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), only to mention a few of other uncommon causes of AF. The autonomous nervous system may contribute to the occurrence of AF in some patients. AF occurs commonly. In patients with valvular heart disease, AF is common, particularly when the mitral valve is involved. The occurrence of AF is unrelated to the severity of mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation but is more common in patients with enlarged left atrium and congestive heart failure. In patients with coronary artery disease, AF occurs predominantly in older patients, males, and patients with left ventricular dysfunction, Important predictive factors of AF include hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes. The risk of the development of AF, in an individual patient, is often difficult to assess. Increasing age, presence of valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
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PMID:Factors predisposing to the development of atrial fibrillation. 935 13

The clinical features and laboratory findings of 91 Thai patients (33 males and 58 females) with CPPD crystal deposition disease were studied. Their average age was 71.54 years. Acute monoarthritis and oligoarthritis were the two most common forms of presentation and were seen in 89 per cent of cases. The knee, wrist and ankle were the three most common joints involved. Associated diseases were common and included hypertension (30 cases), renal insufficiency (23 cases), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (17 cases), coronary heart disease (13 cases) and diabetes mellitus (12 cases). Eleven patients had malignancies. Five patients had concomitant gout and CPPD crystal deposition disease. The knee and the wrist were the two most common sites of chondrocalcinosis. Of 67 patients who had thyroid function tested, 2 had hyperthyroidism and 5 had hypothyroidism. Hypomagnesemia was seen in 19 per cent. None had hypercalcemia, hypophosphatasia, hemochromatosis or hyperparathyroidism. In contrast to the western series, acute arthritis in our series responded well to oral colchicine alone.
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PMID:Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition: a clinical and laboratory analysis of 91 Thai patients. 1044 78

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common clinical problem, particularly in the elderly, and in patients with organic heart disease. A small percentage of patients, have a potentially reversible cause. Atrial fibrillation is in most patients (approximately 70%) associated with chronic organic heart disease including valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, hypertension, particularly if left ventricular hypertrophy is present, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease and most commonly in adults, atrial septal defect. As in many chronic conditions, determining whether AF is the result or is unrelated to the underlying heart disease, remains unclear. The list of possible etiologies also include cardiac amyloidosis, hemochromatosis and endomyocardial fibrosis. Other heart diseases, such as mitral valve prolapse (with or without mitral regurgitation), calcification of the mitral annulus, atrial myxoma, pheochomocytoma and idiopathic dilated right atrium, present a higher incidence of AF. The relationship between these findings and the arrhythmia are still unclear. Atrial fibrillation may occur in the absence of detectable organic heart disease, the so-called "lone AF", in about 30% of cases. The term "lone AF" or "idiopathic AF" implies the absence of any detectable etiology including hyperthyroidism, chronic obstructive lung disease, overt sinus node dysfunction, and overt or concealed preexcitation (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome), only to mention a few of other rare causes of AF. In every instance of recently discovered AF, thyrotoxicosis should be ruled out. The autonomous nervous system may contribute to the occurrence of AF in some patients. Atrial fibrillation occurs commonly in patients with valvular heart disease, particularly when it involves the mitral valve. The occurrence of AF is unrelated to the severity of mitral stenosis but is more common in patients with enlarged left atrium and congestive heart failure. In patients with coronary artery disease, Af occurs predominantly in older patients, males and patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Important predictive factors of AF include hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetes. However, the relation between AF and hypertension remains unclear. The risk of the development of AF, in an individual patient, is often difficult to assess but increasing age, presence of valvular heart disease and congestive heart failure, increase the risk of AF.
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PMID:Atrial fibrillation, the arrhythmia of the elderly, causes and associated conditions. 1210 96

Endothelial function is noninvasively assessed by measuring nitric oxide-dependent increase in radial artery diameter accompanying the elevation in shear stress induced by increasing blood flow through a short-lasting ischemia of the hand. However, shear stress also depends on blood viscosity, whose changes might thus affect nitric oxide increase in a manner that is not properly reflected by blood flow changes. In 12 subjects with hemochromatosis, we measured ultrasonographically radial artery diameter and blood flow responses to a 4-minute ischemia of the hand. This was done also after removing 500 mL of blood (and concomitantly infusing 500 mL of saline), which significantly (P<0.01) reduced hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. The increase in blood flow induced by the 4-minute ischemia was similar before and after blood removal (+76% and +80%), which, in contrast, markedly attenuated the accompanying increase in radial artery diameter (+25% versus +13%, P<0.01). Thus, in humans, blood viscosity is involved in the endothelial response to an increase in shear stress. This implies that this response may not be accurately assessed and compared by quantifying the stimulus only through an increase in blood flow.
Hypertension 2002 Jul
PMID:Effects of hematocrit changes on flow-mediated and metabolic vasodilation in humans. 1210 41

Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Although often used to detect liver disease, the prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferases are unknown. We analyzed data on adults ages 17 yr and older (N = 15,676) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Participants were classified as having elevated aminotransferase levels if either aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase was elevated above normal. Aminotransferase elevation was classified as "explained" if there was laboratory evidence of hepatitis B or C infection, iron overload, or if there was a history of alcohol consumption. Analyses were weighted to provide national estimates. The prevalence of aminotransferase elevation in the United States was 7.9%. Aminotransferase elevation was more common in men compared to women (9.3% vs 6.6%, p = 0.002), in Mexican Americans (14.9%) and non-Hispanic blacks (8.1%) compared to non-Hispanic whites (7.1%, p < 0.001). High alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C infection and high transferrin saturation were found in only 31.0% of cases. Aminotransferase elevation was unexplained in the majority (69.0%). In both men and women, unexplained aminotransferase elevation was significantly associated with higher body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and lower HDL; and with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in women (all p < 0.05). Aminotransferase elevation was common in the United States, and the majority could not be unexplained by alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis or hemochromatosis. Unexplained aminotransferase elevation was strongly associated with adiposity and other features of the metabolic syndrome, and thus may represent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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PMID:The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. 1280 14

We examined attitudes regarding genetic testing and psychosocial outcomes of HFE genotyping for hemochromatosis. A total of 87 persons with hemochromatosis (patients) (39 women, 48 men), who underwent HFE genotyping, and 50 persons with hypertension (controls) (22 women, 28 men), who had not undergone HFE genotyping, completed a structured interview in which they reported attitudes about benefits and disadvantages of genetic testing and their understanding of genetics and hemochromatosis. Among patients, adherence to treatment for hemochromatosis was assessed. Controls estimated the likelihood of experiencing several potential positive and negative psychosocial outcomes after a positive genetic test. Patients reported their experience pertinent to these outcomes. Patients received information about hemochromatosis when they were diagnosed, and controls read a brief description of hemochromatosis before answering questions. Patients correctly answered 65% of knowledge questions and controls correctly answered 59%. Most participants believed genetic testing is beneficial and described few negative aspects of testing. Controls expected to experience more anxiety, depression, and anger related to a positive genetic test than was reported by patients (p < 0.001). One patient reported discrimination related to the HFE genotype. Most patients were compliant with the iron depletion and maintenance phases of treatment for hemochromatosis. Race, sex, marital status, income, education, barriers to treatment, and knowledge were not significantly associated with adherence to maintenance phlebotomy. We conclude that HFE genotyping appears to be viewed positively and would be generally accepted were it offered as part of a screening program for hemochromatosis. Persons who have not undergone genetic testing may overestimate their emotional responses to a positive test result. In the present hemochromatosis patients, few reported that HFE genotyping was accompanied by negative psychosocial outcomes.
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PMID:Attitudes about and psychosocial outcomes of HFE genotyping for hemochromatosis. 1534 3


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