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Query: UMLS:C0020538 (hypertension)
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In the prospective Basel longitudinal study on aging (1955-1978) 123 men (age at entry from 6-61 years) were investigated in 2 year (average) intervals. Complete case histories are available on 67 subjects over the entire period (19.6 +/- 0.85 years). Part I of the study was to confirm the hypothesis of Bernstein and of Steinhaus, according to which life expectancy can be estimated from the speed of development of presbyopia. Parallel to the measurement of accommodation range (after preliminary determination of refraction and visual acuity), the development of height, body weight, vital capacity, expiratory volume, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, ECG and pulse wave velocity were measured. Invasive investigations were not undertaken. Only when hypertension was combined with obesity was the diminution of accommodation range striking (Fig. 10c; however there were only 3 subjects in this risk group). Taking everything into consideration there was a concomitance between decrease of accommodation range and changes of medical parameters (Table 6). Intercurrent illness did not influence the accommodation range. Longitudinal measurements and cross-sectional comparisons (data averaged to the same point as of the same age) were carried out. The results did not always coincide. We could not confirm the hypothesis of Bernstein and of Steinhaus. In Part II the results of the objective measurements are given. Apparently growth of the skull does not stop entirely. The increase of interpupillary distance can be complete at 17 years of age, but also can continue to the 30th year. The palpebral fissure increases an average of 3 mm more horizontally between the 6th and the 20th year of life. The corneal diameter remains constant in all age classes, that is, the growth of the cornea should be complete before the 6th year of life. Early arcus senilis changes are found already in the 20-year-old. The increase in the course of time of arcus senilis is obvious, it is most pronounced in obese hypertensives. Still there are persons who at 65 years of age show no arcus senilis. In the 20th year degenerative deposits in the conjunctiva begin. They increase in number and above the 60th year all subjects showed degenerative deposits. Aqueous veins are less visible in younger subjects. With increasing age--as a result of degenerative thinning of the conjunctiva--they are recognizable in ever greater numbers. The depth of the anterior chamber attains its greatest extent between the 20th and the 30th year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The Basel longitudinal study on aging (1955-1978). Ophthalmo-gerontological research results. 362 22

Two Italian rural cohorts of men aged 40-59 years, were examined in 1960 within the Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases and a total of 1712 men were enrolled (participation rate 98.8%). Cardiovascular risk factors were measured and 35-year follow-up made for vital status, mortality and cause of death. Cardiovascular diseases represented the first cause of death (46.2%), cancer the second (29.9%). The association between risk factors measured at baseline and the occurrence of cardiovascular deaths was tested by the use of multivariate functions (proportional hazards model in particular) which predict an event as a function of many possible factors. The predicted fatal events were, among men initially free of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease-restricted criteria (CHD-RC), coronary heart disease-broad criteria (CHD-BC), strokes (STR), and all cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The predicting variables were 21 risk factors of different nature. All models were highly discriminant between cases and non-cases. The predictivity of risk factors was assessed by testing the statistical significance of their multivariate coefficients, and by computing relative risks (expressed as hazards ratios) for standard differences in their levels. Age and systolic blood pressure produced significant coefficients and large hazards ratios in solutions for all end-points; cholesterol and cigarette smoking in three (not for STR); vital capacity (inverse relationship) and gerontoxon in two; physical activity (inverse relationship), forced expiratory volume (inverse relationship), urine glucose, family history of heart attack, and xanthelasma in one each. Marital status, family history of hypertension or diabetes, body mass index, skinfold thickness, arm circumference, shoulder-pelvis shape, laterality-linearity index, trunk-height ratio, and heart rate never provided a significant contribution to prediction. As an example, a difference of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure corresponds to a relative risk (excess risk) of 1.50 for CHD-RC, 1.46 for CHD-BC, 1.42 for STR and 1.43 for CVD; a difference of 40 mg/dl of serum cholesterol corresponds to relative risks of 1.38, 1.33, 1.13 and 1.25 respectively for the four end-points; a difference of 10 cigarettes smoked per day corresponds to relative risks of 1.19, 1.21, 1.06 and 1.17 respectively for the four end-points. The findings indicate that some cardiovascular risk factors measured once in middle age retain a long term association with prediction of future cardiovascular events, up to 35 years follow-up.
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PMID:A single risk factor measurement predicts 35-year mortality from cardiovascular disease. 988 88