Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis.
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PMID:Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. 10 Oct 72

The effect of short-term undereating (4.2 MJ [1000 kcal] for 4 d) followed by overeating (12.6 MJ [3000 kcal] for 2 d) on fasting and 2-h postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and neutral amino acids and on urinary free and total norepinephrine and dopamine excretion was studied in 12 normal women. Protein and sodium intake was constant throughout the study. Serum glucose concentration was not affected by diet but the serum total neutral amino acids (ie, sum of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) tended to increase during undereating and decrease during overeating. Serum tryptophan concentration, relative to the remaining neutral amino acids, was consequently lower during undereating than overeating. The postprandial increase in serum insulin level was greater during overeating than undereating. Urinary free norepinephrine and total dopamine levels were also increased during overeating, suggesting both sympathetic and dopaminergic activation during overeating after undereating.
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PMID:Short-term changes in energy intake and serum insulin, neutral amino acids, and urinary catecholamine excretion in women. 328 94

This study considers the effects of glucose, during amino acid infusion, on protein-sparing and amino acid utilization after proctocolectomy or abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Body composition and plasma amino acids were compared in each of three groups of patients before and 15 days after surgery who were receiving, in addition to restricted oral diets: 1) no hyperalimentation 2) parenteral amino acids or 3) hypertonic glucose plus amino acids. Parenteral solutions were given by central venous catheter. Infusion of amino acids alone spared body protein but branch chain amino acids (i.e. valine, isoleucine and leucine) and also phenylalanine, methionine and proline were increased well above the normal values. There were no increases in liver proteins other than for the "acute phase" type. In contrast, full hyperalimentation spared more body protein and fat, restored plasma amino acids to normal while plasma cortisol and acute pohase proteins were lower. Plasma transferrin, prealbumin and retinol binding protein were increased, as previously shown, while clinical outcome was more favorable. It is concluded that glucose is essential to ensure optimum utilization of amino acids for both muscle and liver protein synthesis and, therefore, intravenous hyperalimentation is preferable to amino acids alone after major colorectal surgery.
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PMID:A controlled study of protein-sparing therapy after excision of the rectum: effects of intravenous amino acids and hyperalimentation on body composition and plasma amino acids. 677 84

To objectively document the immediate maintenance and successful exploitation of postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) function, elemental diet was infused into the more distal duodenum of 30 cholecystectomy patients at 300 kcal per hour, beginning on arrival at the recovery room. Approximately 4,600 kcal and 190 grams of amino acids were absorbed during the initial 16 hours. Serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) had risen above basal levels at 4 hours, statistically significant only for leucine (+64%). The higher concentrations had reached statistical significance for all BCAAs by 6 hours, when leucine had risen by 83%, isoleucine by 54%, and valine by 47%. The elevated BCAA and glucose levels sustained throughout the hyperalimentation period objectively verify that postoperative GI function can be safely exploited, and may contribute to improved wound healing and sepsis resistance.
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PMID:Postoperative enteral hyperalimentation results in earlier elevation of serum branched-chain amino acid levels. 802 96

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that play a major role in brain energy metabolism. This study was done to elucidate whether central injection of BCAAs influences feeding behavior in chicks. We found that the intracerebroventricular injection of leucine (200 microg) significantly stimulated food intake in neonatal chicks during 30 min postinjection. Additionally, the starting time of feeding and pecking rhythm after injection were significantly accelerated by leucine. In contrast, isoleucine and valine had no effect on ingestive response during experiment periods. Moreover, a metabolite of leucine (alpha-ketoisocaproic acid) at an equimolar concentration of leucine also did not increase food intake in chicks. These results suggest that leucine induces hyperphagia of neonatal chicks and it may be due to the synthesized glutamate by exogenous leucine.
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PMID:Central administration of leucine, but not isoleucine and valine, stimulates feeding behavior in neonatal chicks. 1469 64

Plasma concentrations and urinary outputs of amino acids were estimated in nineteen patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation to evaluate the adequacy of dosage and composition of the infusates for the maintenance of normal blood concentrations of essential amino acids. The use of high concentrations of branched chain amino acids seems to be appropriate for valine and isoleucine but not for leucine. The high concentration of cysteine in the infusates used induces a very high urinary excretion of cysteine and cystine and are ineffective to bring the decreased plasma cystine levels back to normal.
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PMID:Blood and urinary amino acids in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. 1682 83

RNA editing that converts adenosine to inosine replaces the gene-encoded Ile, Asn, and Ile (INI) of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] receptor 2C (5-HT(2C)R) with Val, Gly, and Val (VGV). Up to 24 different 5-HT(2C)R isoforms are detected in different brain regions (Burns et al., 1997; Fitzgerald et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2000). To elucidate the physiological significance of 5-HT(2C)R mRNA editing, we derived mutant mouse lines harboring a knock-in INI or VGV allele, resulting in sole expression of one of two extremely different editing isoforms 5-HT(2C)R-INI (editing blocked) or -VGV (fully edited). Although INI mice grew normally, VGV mice had a severely reduced fat mass, despite compensatory hyperphagia, as a result of constitutive activation of the sympathetic nervous system and increased energy expenditure. Furthermore, serotonergic neurotransmission was oversensitized in VGV mice, most likely because of the increased cell surface expression of VGV receptors. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) regulates energy homeostasis (Balthasar et al., 2005; Heisler et al., 2006; Lam et al., 2008), and Mc4r(-/-) mice are obese because of hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure (Huszar et al., 1997). However, the elevated energy expenditure of VGV mice could not be rescued in the Mc4r(-/-) background, indicating the presence of a distinct signaling pathway mediated via 5-HT(2C)R-VGV that dominates the MC4R-dependent pathway in control of energy expenditure. Our results highlight the importance of regulated 5-HT(2C)R mRNA editing, because dysregulation could result in the pathological consequences such as growth retardation seen in VGV mice.
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PMID:Dysregulated editing of serotonin 2C receptor mRNAs results in energy dissipation and loss of fat mass. 1903 77

Disordered circadian rhythms are associated with various psychiatric conditions and metabolic diseases. We recently established a mouse model of a psychophysiological stress-induced chronic sleep disorder (CSD) characterized by reduced amplitude of circadian wheel-running activity and sleep-wake cycles, sleep fragmentation and hyperphagia. Here, we evaluate day-night fluctuations in plasma concentrations of free amino acids (FAA), appetite hormones and prolactin as well as the hepatic expression of circadian clock-related genes in mice with CSD (CSD mice). Nocturnal increases in wheel-running activity and circadian rhythms of plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly disrupted in CSD mice. Hyperphagia with a decreased leptin/ghrelin ratio was found in CSD mice. Day-night fluctuations in plasma FAA contents were severely disrupted without affecting total FAA levels in CSD mice. Nocturnal increases in branched-chain amino acids such as Ile, Leu, and Val were further augmented in CSD mice, while daytime increases in Gly, Ala, Ser, Thr, Lys, Arg, His, Tyr, Met, Cys, Glu, and Asn were significantly attenuated. Importantly, the circadian expression of hepatic clock genes was completely unaffected in CSD mice. These findings suggest that circadian clock gene expression does not always reflect disordered behavior and sleep rhythms and that plasma FFA profiles could serve as a potential biomarker of circadian rhythm disorders.
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PMID:Disruption of behavioral circadian rhythms induced by psychophysiological stress affects plasma free amino acid profiles without affecting peripheral clock gene expression in mice. 2497 30