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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metabolic studies were performed on 19 patients with acute renal failure. Therapy included intravenous hyperalimentation using 15 to 20 g of essential amino acids or 20 to 40 g of essential plus nonessential amino acids and hypertonic glucose (37 to 50%). The effect of this parenteral feeding appears to be primarily pharmacological. Hypertonic glucose promotes the hyperinsulinemia important to be membrane function, the operation of the sodium pump, and cell metabolism. Administration of high biological value crystalline amino acdis potentiates the effect of insulin by inhibiting protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, particularly in muscle. This reduces tissue catabolism and urea formation, and promotes potassium, magnesium, and phosphate homeostasis. The branched-chain ketogenic amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine may be of particular importance. When indicated, administration of renal failure hyperalimentation and peritoneal or hemodialysis can be expected to complement each other and accelerate recovery. This intravenous fluid therapy, in turn, must be coordinated with proper hemodynamics, usually requiring a colloidal solution to maintain intravascular volume, and cardiotrophic agents such as digitalis and dopamine. Early use of renal failure can be expected to demonstrate the most striking response in terms of survival, early recovery from acute renal failure, and the preservation of physiological homeostasis.
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PMID:Criteria for choosing amino acid therapy in acute renal failure. 10 Oct 72

Prematurity in Indian births is modeled, based on the hypothesis that reduced protein and glucose and aminoacids and maternal anemia and preeclampsia lead to placental dysfunction which is also affected by metabolic disturbance and fetal circulation related to cellular growth and questions about genetics. There may be an ethnic propensity for early maturation of the fetus which affects the higher stillbirth rates and perinatal mortality. It was observed that among, for instance, black and Indian racial groups there may be meconium release and fetal distress. The significance is that physicians should increase antenatal surveillance before 40 weeks. Maternal nutrition should be advanced and hyperalimentation by cordocentesis. Other interventions such as glucose, oxygen, and aspirin administration are still very experimental. The evidence that velocity of growth is different and low birth weight is due to abnormal growth and shortened gestation is currently being researched among different ethnic groups. The discussion is concerned with reports of ethnic variation among Indian and Malay babies in Singapore and babies of French or African ancestry in France. In these studies findings were that the Indians and Malays in Singapore vs. the Chinese had higher mortality, and black African ancestry in mixed ancestry babies was related to higher infant mortality. Another study on neonatal mortality in India led to the recommendation that 2000 gm be established as the limit for defining low birth weight. In the 1501- 2000 gm birth weight groups, 30-45% are preterm, and the remainder are term or postterm. Low birth weight may transcend generations in India even with emigration. Experimental studies show that intrauterine weight is related to placental volume. Reduced growth and lower fetal insulin/glucose ratio with elevated fetal glycine/valine ratio was found to be related to reduced glucose supply among fetuses with fetal hypertriglyceridemia. Fat seems to be lacking among low birth weight fetuses. Studies of somatomedin and somatostatin in metabolism are helping to provide greater understanding of fetal growth processes.
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PMID:The prematurity paradox of the small Indian baby. 180 Mar 24

The mechanisms involved in the increased Na(+)-dependent nutrient uptake across intestine of diabetic animals are poorly understood. Here we have studied the effect of acute (7d) and chronic (30-40d) diabetes on the autoradiographic localization of 3H-L-valine accumulation by rat jejunal villi and on enterocyte migration rate. In control rats, Na(+)-dependent valine uptake was confined to enterocytes on the upper 20-23% of the villus. In intestine from diabetic rats, however, this area was extended to occupy the upper 42-45% of an enlarged villus surface. Hyperphagia was not responsible for the expanded functional surface and systemic factors are therefore implicated in the adaptive response. Enterocyte migration rate was found to be unaffected by diabetes but an increased villus height in this condition resulted in an additional 13.5 h in enterocyte lifespan. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that during diabetes the earlier maturation of enterocyte absorptive function produces an epithelial surface containing a higher proportion of mature enterocytes.
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PMID:Autoradiographic localization of Na(+)-dependent L-valine uptake by the jejunum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 210 38

The effect of short-term undereating (4.2 MJ [1000 kcal] for 4 d) followed by overeating (12.6 MJ [3000 kcal] for 2 d) on fasting and 2-h postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and neutral amino acids and on urinary free and total norepinephrine and dopamine excretion was studied in 12 normal women. Protein and sodium intake was constant throughout the study. Serum glucose concentration was not affected by diet but the serum total neutral amino acids (ie, sum of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) tended to increase during undereating and decrease during overeating. Serum tryptophan concentration, relative to the remaining neutral amino acids, was consequently lower during undereating than overeating. The postprandial increase in serum insulin level was greater during overeating than undereating. Urinary free norepinephrine and total dopamine levels were also increased during overeating, suggesting both sympathetic and dopaminergic activation during overeating after undereating.
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PMID:Short-term changes in energy intake and serum insulin, neutral amino acids, and urinary catecholamine excretion in women. 328 94

The plasma amino acid response to voluntary hyperphagia was evaluated in rats fed a "cafeteria" diet for 4 to 8 weeks and compared to chow-fed controls. The influence of the sucrose content of the cafeteria diet was examined by studying rats given a low-sucrose, highly palatable, liquid diet (Magnacal). In a second series of studies the cafeteria diet was fed to rats housed in wheel cages and who ran 2.0 +/- 0.1 milles per day and compared with a sedentary cafeteria-fed group housed in standard cages. As expected, the cafeteria diet resulted in hyperphagia (45% to 55%) and in increased weight gain (35% to 50%). In response to cafeteria feeding there was an increase in plasma threonine, serine, proline, citrulline, alpha-amino butyric acid (ABA), and tyrosine. Significant decreases were observed in the branched chain amino acids (BCAA), valine and leucine. All of these changes were also observed when hyperphagia was induced with the low-sucrose diet, with the exception of the rise in ABA. In the exercised cafeteria-fed rats, excessive weight gain did not occur. Nevertheless, the amino acid response to the cafeteria diet was the same as in sedentary rats with excessive weight gain. The plasma amino acid pattern in those rats that developed glucose intolerance during cafeteria feeding and those that maintained normal glucose tolerance was similar. We conclude that hyperphagia induced by cafeteria feeding in the rat results in a specific plasma amino acid profile characterized by elevations in some amino acids (threonine, serine, proline, citrulline, ABA, and tyrosine) and reductions in the BCAA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The plasma amino acid response to cafeteria feeding in the rat: influence of hyperphagia, sucrose intake, and exercise. 658 7

This study considers the effects of glucose, during amino acid infusion, on protein-sparing and amino acid utilization after proctocolectomy or abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Body composition and plasma amino acids were compared in each of three groups of patients before and 15 days after surgery who were receiving, in addition to restricted oral diets: 1) no hyperalimentation 2) parenteral amino acids or 3) hypertonic glucose plus amino acids. Parenteral solutions were given by central venous catheter. Infusion of amino acids alone spared body protein but branch chain amino acids (i.e. valine, isoleucine and leucine) and also phenylalanine, methionine and proline were increased well above the normal values. There were no increases in liver proteins other than for the "acute phase" type. In contrast, full hyperalimentation spared more body protein and fat, restored plasma amino acids to normal while plasma cortisol and acute pohase proteins were lower. Plasma transferrin, prealbumin and retinol binding protein were increased, as previously shown, while clinical outcome was more favorable. It is concluded that glucose is essential to ensure optimum utilization of amino acids for both muscle and liver protein synthesis and, therefore, intravenous hyperalimentation is preferable to amino acids alone after major colorectal surgery.
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PMID:A controlled study of protein-sparing therapy after excision of the rectum: effects of intravenous amino acids and hyperalimentation on body composition and plasma amino acids. 677 84

To objectively document the immediate maintenance and successful exploitation of postoperative gastrointestinal (GI) function, elemental diet was infused into the more distal duodenum of 30 cholecystectomy patients at 300 kcal per hour, beginning on arrival at the recovery room. Approximately 4,600 kcal and 190 grams of amino acids were absorbed during the initial 16 hours. Serum branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) had risen above basal levels at 4 hours, statistically significant only for leucine (+64%). The higher concentrations had reached statistical significance for all BCAAs by 6 hours, when leucine had risen by 83%, isoleucine by 54%, and valine by 47%. The elevated BCAA and glucose levels sustained throughout the hyperalimentation period objectively verify that postoperative GI function can be safely exploited, and may contribute to improved wound healing and sepsis resistance.
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PMID:Postoperative enteral hyperalimentation results in earlier elevation of serum branched-chain amino acid levels. 802 96

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids that play a major role in brain energy metabolism. This study was done to elucidate whether central injection of BCAAs influences feeding behavior in chicks. We found that the intracerebroventricular injection of leucine (200 microg) significantly stimulated food intake in neonatal chicks during 30 min postinjection. Additionally, the starting time of feeding and pecking rhythm after injection were significantly accelerated by leucine. In contrast, isoleucine and valine had no effect on ingestive response during experiment periods. Moreover, a metabolite of leucine (alpha-ketoisocaproic acid) at an equimolar concentration of leucine also did not increase food intake in chicks. These results suggest that leucine induces hyperphagia of neonatal chicks and it may be due to the synthesized glutamate by exogenous leucine.
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PMID:Central administration of leucine, but not isoleucine and valine, stimulates feeding behavior in neonatal chicks. 1469 64

Giving L-tryptophan, serotonin's circulating precursor, or a serotonin-releasing drug can decrease food intake and body weight. Giving 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), serotonin's immediate intracellular precursor, has been thought to be ineffective in enhancing brain serotonin synthesis unless it is coadministered with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor to protect 5-HTP from destruction outside the brain. We have examined the effect of 5-HTP on food consumption and tissue 5-HTP levels among rats subjected to two different hyperphagic stimuli, food deprivation and a standardized stress (tail pinch), and on plasma 5-HTP levels in humans. In rats, 5-HTP (3-200 mg/kg ip) suppressed food intake in a dose-dependent manner in both models, but was at least eight times more effective in our stress-hyperphagia model. (Differences in the two procedures might have contributed to the observed differences in potencies.) This suppression was blocked by coadministration of another large neutral amino acid (LNAA), L-valine. Brain 5-HTP levels correlated significantly with peak plasma 5-HTP (r(2)=.69) or 5-HTP/LNAA (r(2)=.81) levels. Additionally, among humans, oral 5-HTP (1.2-2.0 mg/kg) produced, after 1 and 2 h, a significant increase in plasma 5-HTP (1.5- to 2.3-fold). These observations suggest that 5-HTP may be useful in controlling the excessive food intake sometimes generated by stress, even if given without decarboxylase inhibitors or other drugs.
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PMID:5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan suppresses food intake in food-deprived and stressed rats. 1472 51

Plasma concentrations and urinary outputs of amino acids were estimated in nineteen patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation to evaluate the adequacy of dosage and composition of the infusates for the maintenance of normal blood concentrations of essential amino acids. The use of high concentrations of branched chain amino acids seems to be appropriate for valine and isoleucine but not for leucine. The high concentration of cysteine in the infusates used induces a very high urinary excretion of cysteine and cystine and are ineffective to bring the decreased plasma cystine levels back to normal.
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PMID:Blood and urinary amino acids in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. 1682 83


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