Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipids are an essential component of our body composition and necessary in our daily food intake. Conventional fats and oils are composed of glycerides of long chain fatty acids and are designated as long chain triglycerides (LCT). Body fat as well as the fats and oils in our daily intake fall into this category. In enteral and parenteral hyperalimentation, we can identify such LCT fats and oils. Soy, corn, safflower and sunflowerseed oils are typical of the LCT oils. In the search for alternative noncarbohydrate fuels, medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are unique and have established themselves in the areas of malabsorption syndrome cases and infant care and as a high energy, rapidly available fuel. Structure lipids with a MCT backbone and linoleic acid built into the triglyceride molecule have been developed to optimize the triglyceride structure that is best for patients, particularly the critically ill. Structured lipids with built-in essential fatty acid components or other polyunsaturated fatty acids promise greater flexibility in patient care and nitrogen support.
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PMID:Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids. 311 86

The genetically diabetic mouse (db/db) exhibits hyperphagia, progressive weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia during the first few months of life during which time characteristic pathologic changes occur in several organ systems including the kidney. The extent to which long chain fatty acid oxidation (LCFAO) contributes to excessive gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia in these animals in unknown. Therefore, the synthetic fatty acid analogue 2-tetradeclyglycidate (TDHA), a potent inhibitor of LCFAO, was given orally to db/db mice to evaluate its capacity to control the blood glucose and prevent their diabetic nephropathy. Five groups of diabetic mice (N = 6) were assigned to receive TDGA in a dose of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg/day, vehicle (tragacanth), or nothing (control). TDGA had no observable effects on food intake or growth patterns. Drug-treated animals had significant lowering of fasting glucose at 0 and 4 h after dosing during the midportion of the study (2-6 wk). In the latter part of the study (wk 8-11), blood glucose 4 h after dosing was lowered in mice given 10 and 25 free fatty acids. Animals receiving TDGA 25 mg/kg/day exhibited significant inhibition of immunopathologic changes in the kidney. Heart weight was significantly increased in mice receiving TDGA 25 mg/kg/day, and the total amount of myocardial carnitine content was increased in all three drug-treated groups. Increased tissue deposition of lipid was not apparent on histologic examination of liver in drug-treated animals. Inhibition of long chain fat oxidation in the db/db mouse results in significant lowering of blood glucose, and decreased the renal immunopathologic features of diabetic nephropathy in this animal model.
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PMID:Metabolic control of prevention of nephropathy by 2-tetradecylglycidate in the diabetic mouse (db/db). 675 7

During early pregnancy there is an increase in body fat accumulation, associated with both hyperphagia and increased lipogenesis. During late pregnancy there is an accelerated breakdown of fat depots, which plays a key role in fetal development. Besides using placental transferred fatty acids, the fetus benefits from two other products: glycerol and ketone bodies. Although glycerol crosses the placenta in small proportions, it is a preferential substrate for maternal gluconeogenesis, and maternal glucose is quantitatively the main substrate crossing the placenta. Enhanced ketogenesis under fasting conditions and the easy transfer of ketones to the fetus allow maternal ketone bodies to reach the fetus, where they can be used as fuels for oxidative metabolism as well as lipogenic substrates. Although maternal cholesterol is an important source of cholesterol for the fetus during early gestation, its importance becomes minimal during late pregnancy, owing to the high capacity of fetal tissues to synthesize cholesterol. Maternal hypertriglyceridemia is a characteristic feature during pregnancy and corresponds to an accumulation of triglycerides not only in very low-density lipoprotein but also in low- and high-density lipoprotein. Although triglycerides do not cross the placental barrier, the presence of lipoprotein receptors in the placenta, together with lipoprotein lipase, phospholipase A2, and intracellular lipase activities, allows the release to the fetus of polyunsaturated fatty acids transported as triglycerides in maternal plasma lipoproteins. Normal fetal development needs the availability of both essential fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the nutritional status of the mother during gestation has been related to fetal growth. However, excessive intake of certain long chain fatty acids may cause both declines in arachidonic acid and enhanced lipid peroxidation, reducing antioxidant capacity.
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PMID:Lipid metabolism in pregnancy and its consequences in the fetus and newborn. 1258 1

Obesity incidence continues to escalate as a global nutrition and health problem. Scientists and clinicians are engaged in numerous research approaches that include behavior, education, applied nutrition studies and clinical therapies to prevent, control and reverse obesity. The common goal is to identify areas of basic and clinical research to understand aspects of human biology that contribute to obesity. In these approaches recent discoveries in biology and advancing technologies are tools employed to prevent and reverse obesity. The purpose of this review article is to present the current knowledge of key components of the endocannabinoid system that contribute to eating, influence systemic energy metabolism, and dietary factors that alter the responses of ligand binding and activation of cannabinoid receptors. Herein the objectives are to (1) describe the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and obesity, (2) explain the role of this signaling system in obesity, and (3) present areas of consequential future research with dietary long chain PUFA. There are several gaps in the knowledge of the role dietary PUFA play in the tone of the endocannabinoid signaling system involving ligands and receptors. Elucidating the PUFA relationship to signaling tone may explain the presumed overstimulation of signaling believed to contribute to over eating, fat accretion and inflammation. Future research in this endeavor must be hypothesis driven utilizing appropriate models for investigations on dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids and obesity.
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PMID:Fat to treat fat: emerging relationship between dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids, and obesity. 2346 58