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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review summarizes recent work that focuses on the role of endogenous opioids (EOs) and opiate receptors in the control of food intake. Although the anorexic effect of opiate antagonists are now well accepted, the exact EO, site(s), and mechanism(s) of action remain to be established. However, accumulating evidence suggests that dynorphin, an endogenous ligand for kappa-type opiate receptors, is an important regulator (stimulant) of appetite. The roles of other EOs, such as beta-endorphin, are less clear. EOs appear to be involved in maintaining normal feeding behavior and are likely responsible for the overconsumption of fat in genetically obese and stressed subjects. Opiate antagonists block overconsumption of palatable foods, thus offering a promising approach to weight reduction for some overweight individuals. Anorexias may follow from a deficiency of kappa-type opioid activity, and surprisingly, can also result from excess opioid activity. Indeed, opiate antagonists of the mu type (naloxone) can enhance eating and weight gain in certain anorexic conditions. Therefore, it appears that excess opioid agonist activity may result in hyperphagia or anorexia (depending on the opiate receptor type). Finally, opiate antagonists may help normalize both types of pathological feeding states.
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PMID:Opioids, feeding, and anorexias. 614 54

In groups of four, men and women in their 40s and 50s, some of them lean and some overweight, overate for 30 d by 1000 kcal/d (4186 kJ/d) more than they needed to maintain weight. On an average dietary mixture for Americans they gained a mean of 2.68 kg, and on a diet high in carbohydrate (60 per cent of energy) they gained 2.73 kg. However, on a diet high in protein and fat (70 per cent of energy), they gained significantly less, 1.75 kg. On all three diets the subjects should have gained 5 kg, if adipose tissue has an energy density of 6 kcal/g, and had there been no adaptation. There was adaptation, as evidenced by an average 7 per cent increase in thermogenesis, which was measured by 24-h direct and indirect calorimetry. Energy balances were calculated from: bomb calorimeter values for food and body waste; change in fuel stores from body composition measured by densitometry; and daily expenditure estimated from the net food intake needed to maintain body weight during a 30-d control period. During overeating, energy intake matched energy losses (including fuel storage) for the average diet and the high-carbohydrate diet, but on the diet high in protein and fat energy intake exceeded losses by more than 500 kcal/d (2093 kJ/d). Thus smaller than expected weight gains from overeating (luxuskonsumption) were largely explained by increased thermogenesis, except when the diet was high in protein and fat. Lean and overweight subjects did not differ in weight gain, loss of energy in urine and faeces, or thermogenesis from overeating.
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PMID:Adaptation to overeating in lean and overweight men and women. 657 5

The present study evaluated the efficacy of olfactory aversion conditioning in the management of overeating problems. 42 overweight female subjects were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: olfactory aversion therapy, attention placebo control, and no-contact control. One experimenter administered the 8-wk. treatment phase. The aversion therapy procedure entailed the pairing of selected target foods (CSs) with noxious odors (UCSs). There were 25 pairings of the CS and UCSs during each weekly session. Four noxious odors were employed, one each week, to prevent habituation to the UCS. The attention-placebo control procedure was identical except that "air" was substituted for the putative UCS of the aversion therapy condition. At the end of the treatment period the aversion therapy group had lost 4.7 lb.; the attention placebo controls had lost 3.6 lb. and the no-contact controls 0.5 lb. The difference between the aversion therapy group and the no-contact controls was significant and that between the attention placebo group and the no-contact controls approached significance. At a follow-up 8 wk. after the end of the treatment period the weights of all groups had risen to pretreatment levels and there were no differences between them. These results indicate that olfactory aversion therapy is not an efficient technique in promoting weight-loss.
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PMID:Olfactory aversion conditioning and overeating: a review and some data. 663 52

The hyperphagia/obesity syndrome produced by paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) lesions and that produced by medial hypothalamic (MH) knife cuts were compared in adult female rats. Each treatment produced hyperphagia and overweight on a chow diet, although the PVH effect was less than the knife-cut effect. Each treatment also produced qualitatively similar ingestive responses to unpalatable quinine- and sucrose octaacetate-adulterated diets and to palatable dextrose and fat diets during the dynamic and static weight-gain phases. The PVH lesions and MH cuts disrupted day/night feeding patterns and elevated water intakes but not water/food intake ratios. However, PVH lesions, unlike MH cuts, did not increase emotional reactivity. The relation of the PVH syndrome to the classic hypothalamic hyperphagia syndrome is discussed. Also considered is the neuroanatomical substrate responsible for the PVH hyperphagic effect.
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PMID:Paraventricular hypothalamic lesions and medial hypothalamic knife cuts produce similar hyperphagia syndromes. 665 67

Recent research contributing to an increased understanding of human feeding is reviewed and implications for obesity discussed. Hyperphagia may represent the manifestation of diverse origins requiring different therapeutic strategies. A biobehavioral model of obesity designed to promote increased efficacy of treatment interventions with the overweight is proposed.
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PMID:A biobehavioral model of obesity. 693 83

This study investigated the hypothesis that overweight college students and normal weight "restrained" students, particularly those susceptible to stress related overeating and binge episodes, have a restricted range of pleasurable activities available for positive reinforcement of behaviors other than eating. The major finding was that overweight students in a behavioral weight control program reported less enjoyment of pleasant activities than did normal weight classroom control subjects. The relationship of the amount and variety of pleasurable activities to subsequent body weight fluctuations, however, was ambiguous.
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PMID:Pleasures and pounds: an exploratory study. 708 Aug 86

A highly palatable diet (ordinary chow supplemented with 4 highly palatable items changes every day) (HPD) provokes hyperphagia and overweight in the rat. After 17 weeks of such a diet, naltrexone (0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg IP) and opiate antagonist, was injected at the beginning of the dark period, and a food intake test was performed during the 3 following hours. Naltrexone does not modify the energy intake in control rats receiving ordinary chow but suppresses HPD induced hyperphagia. The involvement of the beta-endorphin system in this type of hyperphagia is discussed.
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PMID:Naltrexone suppresses hyperphagia induced in the rat by a highly palatable diet. 729 Dec 35

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that intensive treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) can substantially reduce the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. The major risk associated with intensive treatment is recurrent hypoglycemia. Implementation of intensive treatment recommendations is difficult but should be considered and probably recommended to most patients with IDDM. If intensive treatment is impractical, any improvement in glycemic control is probably beneficial. Improved glycemic control should be recommended to most patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The use of insulin in patients with NIDDM is controversial, especially in patients who are overweight, overeating, and minimally symptomatic.
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PMID:Diabetes control and complications. 759 63

Studies, such as those on Pima Indians, have shown that metabolic factors are involved in the development of obesity and that being overweight is not simply a result of "sloth and gluttony." However, the environment also affects the development of obesity. Among individuals in a given environment, the variability in body size is influenced by genetically determined responses to that environment. People with a low metabolic rate (adjusted for body size and composition) are prone to weight gain, whereas those with a high level of spontaneous physical activity are less likely to become obese. Similarly, individuals with a high 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ) are more likely to gain weight than those with a low RQ. Insulin sensitivity (not insulin resistance) is another metabolic predictor of obesity. Genetic linkage studies suggest a number of genes are linked to the development of obesity. By sibling-pair linkage analysis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was found to be linked to the percentage of body fat, and other studies have shown that fat cell production of TNF-alpha is greater in obese individuals.
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PMID:Metabolic differences and the development of obesity. 767 9

Eating restraint and body size perceptions of 404 White and African-American women 66 to 105 years of age (mean age = 73 years) were assessed by questionnaire. Compared with overweight White women, overweight Black women were 0.6 times as likely to feel guilty after overeating, 0.4 times as likely to diet, 2.5 times as likely to be satisfied with their weight, and 2.7 times as likely to consider themselves attractive. Among those who were not overweight, Black women were half as likely as White women to consider themselves overweight. Compared with Black women, White women perceived themselves to be larger and reported a lower ideal body weight.
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PMID:Attitudes toward body size and dieting: differences between elderly black and white women. 805 96


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