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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma amino acid profiles along with hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin, protein, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine values for ten patients undergoing abdominal operations were studied before operation and for 16 days there-after at different intervals. Six patients in the control group were studied in a similar manner. From the observations obtained, we concluded that total amino acid valued are a more sensitive reflection of patient nutrition in both the preoperative and postoperative periods. In future, total amino acid levels may become part of the nutritional assessment of a patient undergoing an operation. The histidine levels in plasma remain low for the longest period of time, an indication of a great need for histidine. Hence, greater attention should be paid to the histidine content of a diet or solution administered parenterally, or both. In addition, branched chain amino acids, alanine, glycine, cystine, arginine, lysine, tryptophan and threonine are required in greater quantity than the other amino acids as a result of the increased catabolism and partial starvation of the patients postoperatively. In formulation hyperalimentation solutions, an increased need for these amino acids should be kept in mind.
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PMID:Changes in plasma amino acid profiles following abdominal operations. 746 77

1. During the first two thirds of gestation, coinciding with a minimal accretion by the conceptus, the mother is in an anabolic state which is supported by her hyperphagia and the more efficient conservation of exogenous nutrients when she eats. During this phase maternal fat deposits are accumulated thanks to the enhancement in adipose tissue lipogenic and glycerologenic activity. In contrast, in the latter part of gestation, the rapid fetal growth is sustained by the intense transfer of nutrients from maternal circulation. 2. Glucose is quantitatively the most abundant of the several substrates that cross the placenta and despite increased maternal gluconeogenesis this transfer is responsible for the maternal tendency to hypoglycemia. This causes a switch to a net catabolic state which is especially evident in the net breakdown of fat depots. 3. Enhanced release of adipose tissue lipolytic products, free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, facilitates the liver synthesis of triglycerides and their later release into circulation associated to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Glycerol is also used as an important gluconeogenic substrate and FFAs are broken down through beta-oxidation for ketone body synthesis. Flow through these pathways becomes increased when food is withheld and this actively contributes to the availability of fuels to the fetus which becomes partially preserved from maternal metabolic insult. Increased liver production of VLDL-triglycerides and decreased extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase contribute to exaggerated maternal hypertriglyceridemia which, besides being a floating metabolic reserve for emergency conditions such as starvation, constitutes an essential substrate for milk synthesis around parturition in preparation for lactation. 4. While the maternal anabolic tendencies found during the first two-thirds of gestation seem to be facilitated by hyperinsulinemia in the presence of a normal responsiveness to the hormone, it is proposed that most of the metabolic changes taking place during the last third of gestation seem to be caused by the insulin-resistant state which is consistently present at this stage, since its reversion caused by sustained exaggerated hyperinsulinemia also reverts several of these metabolic adaptations.
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PMID:Carbohydrate-lipid interactions during gestation and their control by insulin. 754 70

Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces a robust feeding response in the rat. It is still unclear how, and in response to what endogenous stimuli NPY is released. We have developed a radioimmunoassay-linked microdialysis procedure for measuring hypothalamic NPY release in both the anaesthetised and freely moving rat. We have used the procedure to show that anaesthesia dramatically decreased NPY release, while a 48 h period of food deprivation significantly increased extracellular NPY concentrations. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats also showed increased hypothalamic NPY release compared to controls. These results provide more evidence that NPY may be involved in mediating the hyperphagia associated with starvation and diabetes mellitus. The development of a sensitive microdialysis procedure to measure NPY will allow further detailed investigation of the hypothalamic NPY system.
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PMID:Effect of food deprivation and streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y release as measured by a radioimmunoassay-linked microdialysis procedure. 780 26

Glucose utilization indices (GUI values) and rates of fatty acid synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) varied during the diurnal cycle in virgin and late-pregnant rats permitted unrestricted access to food. In virgin rats, peak GUI values and lipogenic rates were observed at the end of the dark (feeding) phase, but were not sustained during the light phase. Whereas peak GUI values were comparable with those observed during re-feeding after 24 h starvation, maximum rates of IBAT fatty acid synthesis in virgin rats during the diurnal cycle were only approx. 25% of those measured during re-feeding after 24 h starvation. Despite hyperphagia, GUI values during the diurnal cycle in late-pregnant rats fed ad libitum were generally lower than those of age-matched virgin controls. The percentage of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex present in the active form (PDHa) was also significantly decreased. Suppression of GUI and PDHa was not parallelled by suppression of fatty acid synthesis. IBAT GUI values in late-pregnant rats during chow re-feeding ad libitum after 24 h starvation were only 25% of those of corresponding virgin controls, and stimulation of fatty acid synthesis was also dramatically attenuated. The suppression of IBAT GUI values after re-feeding in pregnancy was not due to depletion of GLUT 4 protein. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of glucose as a precursor for fatty acid synthesis in IBAT.
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PMID:Physiological modulation of the uptake and fate of glucose in brown adipose tissue. 821 13

The eating disorder bulimia nervosa is characterized by alternating periods of strict dieting and overeating. Patients also report mood fluctuations, frequent eating related thoughts, fear of loss of control over eating, impairment of cognitive abilities such as concentration, and somatic complaints. The present study attempted to clarify to what extent these symptoms are consequences of the dieting behavior. Nine healthy young women, classified as unrestrained eaters, were set on a intermittent dieting schedule over 4 weeks. Four days each week (Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri) they had to reduce their intake below 600 kcal/day, the other 3 days they could eat without restrictions. Psychological variables were assessed by means of a standardized diary. Biological indices of starvation were also measured repeatedly. There was no substantial weight loss after the 4 weeks, although subjects had significantly increased levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid during the dieting periods, and decreased levels of t3 after 2 weeks. The reported tendency to overeat and the actual calorie intake during the days of unlimited access to food showed a significant increase over the 4-week period. Eating-related thoughts, feelings of hunger, and fear of loss of control were significantly more frequent during periods of dieting, compared to days of normal eating. Subjects also reported worse mood, heightened irritability, difficulties concentrating, and increased fatigue. These results suggest that a substantial part of symptoms of bulimic patients might be associated with the frequent periods of an extremely restrained eating behavior.
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PMID:Biological and psychological correlates of intermittent dieting behavior in young women. A model for bulimia nervosa. 880 34

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the rodent hypothalamus may play a key role in responding to reductions in body energy stores with appropriate changes in energy homeostasis, namely an increase in food-seeking behaviour and hyperphagia, together with a reduction in heat production by brown adipose tissue. These adaptive responses are mimicked by the injection of NPY into the main sites of projection of the NPY neurones, and animals that are threatened by energy deficits (e.g. through starvation or insulin-deficient diabetes) show increased activity of these neurones. Genetically obese rodents also show hyperactivity of the NPY neurones, which is inappropriate to their energy needs and may contribute to their hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure and excessive weight gain. The NPY neurones may be inhibited by insulin and leptin, which may both serve as signals of peripheral fat mass. Ultimately, characterization of the specific "feeding' receptors which mediate NPY's central effects on energy homeostasis may provide opportunities for designing drugs to manipulate and appetite and energy balance in man, notably obesity and the cachexia commonly associated with malignancy and chronic infection.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y, the hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis. 887 Nov 82

We examined in a factorial design the effect of dietary protein (45%, 52% and 60%) and lipids (8%, 12%, 17%) on growth performance and circulating growth hormone (GH) levels of fingerling sea bream (5-month-old) fed to satiation with self-feeders. Daily weight gain (2.6-2.9%) and feed gain ratio (1.1-1.3) of fish fed high protein-low lipid diets were comparable to those found in fast growing strains of rainbow trout. However, increasing hyperphagia in association with the decrease of daily weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were found with the decrease of dietary protein:energy ratio. This growth impairment was linked to increased concentrations of circulating GH, which would exacerbate glucose and lipid intolerance. We consider the elevated concentration of circulating GH to be a risk factor leading to some state of metabolic starvation, in which feeding behavior and feed conversion efficiency are largely altered. From our results, it can be also concluded that circulating and pituitary GH availability decreases progressively from 1- to 3-year-old fish. This blunted GH synthesis and release is discussed in relation to age decrease in the optimum dietary protein:energy ratio.
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PMID:Growth hormone as a function of age and dietary protein: energy ratio in a marine teleost, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). 897 55

The case of a woman of 27 affected by the Prader-Willi syndrome who underwent general anaesthesia for dental surgery is reported. The patient presented severe mental retardation, small stature, moderate muscular hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Premedication consisted of diazepam and atropine; anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with propofol, fentanyl and N2O; muscle paralysis was obtained with atracurium. A small glottis was observed at laryngoscopy so that a 6 mm cuffed tube was inserted. Surgery lasted 75 minutes; the patient recovered promptly a few minutes following the end of propofol infusion; no postoperative complication was recorded. As hypoglycemia can occur during and after surgery in the Prader-Willi syndrome, plasma samples for glucose, NEFA, insulin, cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) were collected prior to the induction of anaesthesia (A), 20 minutes after starting surgery (B), at the end of surgery (C), and 3 hours later (D). In spite of the infusion of glucose, hyperglycemia was observed just in C and D samples (A:77; B:88; C:245; D:279 mg/dl). Stable NEFA values, within the normal range, were observed (A:77; B:88; C:245; D:279 mg/dl) suggesting poor or absent lipolysis. Insulin decreased progressively during surgery (A:10.5; B:8.8; C:5.4; D:7.0 mU/L). Cortisol peaked in B (A:9.5; B:20.9; C:13.4; D:4.8 micrograms/dl), suggesting normal hypothalamic reactivity to the surgical stimulus. Finally very low GH levels were observed (A:0.04; B:0.07; C:0.06; D:0.09 ng/ml) suggesting GH deficiency, which had possibly affected the size of patient's glottis. Our data support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia in the Prader-Willi syndrome originates from inadequate lipolysis during starvation.
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PMID:[General anesthesia in Prader-Willi syndrome]. 910 80

Chronic cold exposure stimulates sympathetically driven thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT), resulting in fat mobilization, weight loss, and compensatory hyperphagia. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons are implicated in stimulating food intake in starvation, but may also suppress sympathetic outflow to BAT. This study investigated whether the NPY neurons drive hyperphagia in rats that have lost weight through cold exposure. Rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 21 days weighed 14% less than controls maintained at 22 degrees C (P < 0.001). Food intake increased after 3 days and remained 10% higher thereafter (P < 0.001). Increase BAT activity was confirmed by 64, 96, and 335% increases in uncoupling protein-1 mRNA at 2, 8, and 21 days. Plasma leptin decreased during prolonged cold exposure. Cold-exposed rats showed no significant changes in NPY concentrations in any hypothalamic regions or in hypothalamic NPY mRNA at any time. We conclude that the NPY neurons are not activated during cold exposure. This is in contrast with starvation-induced hyperphagia, but is biologically appropriate since enhanced NPY release would inhibit thermogenesis causing potentially lethal hypothermia. Other neuronal pathways must therefore mediate hyperphagia in chronic cold exposure.
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PMID:Hyperphagia in cold-exposed rats is accompanied by decreased plasma leptin but unchanged hypothalamic NPY. 945 99

The simultaneous effect of intermittent starvation and a high-fat diet were investigated in mice after several weeks of experimental feeding. The animals adapted to intermittent fasting fed a high-fat diet showed a lower degree of hyperphagia than animals adapted to intermittent fasting fed a standard laboratory diet. The weight of both individual portions of the stomach was elevated in adapted animals fed both a standard laboratory diet and the high-fat diet. The weight of the small intestine was increased in adapted animals fed a high-fat diet. The length of the small intestine was not changed after 8 weeks of intermittent starvation in both adapted groups (standard laboratory diet, high-fat diet). A higher amount of body fat was found in both groups of animals adapted to intermittent fasting (standard laboratory diet, high-fat diet) but adapted animals fed a high-fat diet showed less body fat than adapted animals fed a standard laboratory diet. Lower levels of serum lipids were found in adapted animals fed a high-fat diet. These results suggest that both lipogenesis and lipid oxidation are accentuated by intermittent starvation and a high-fat diet act concomitantly.
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PMID:Influence of intermittent fasting and high-fat diet on morphological changes of the digestive system and on changes of lipid metabolism in the laboratory mouse. 949 64


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