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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Varied clinical observations of the presence of either hunger or anorexia during intragastric or intravenous alimentation have led to the current experiments. Nine rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were involved in studies of the long-term effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite as assessed by feeding behavior and gastric motility. The monkeys received either intragastric infusions of glucose or a complete liquid diet, or intravenous infusions of glucose or glucose/amino acid solutions. Oral intake was accurately adjusted to account for the calories administered by the intragastric route. Oral intake was also reduced in a calorically equivalent amount to account for the calories received during intravenous glucose. When glucose/amino acid solutions were administered parenterally, adjustments were less accurate, with resultant overeating and weight gain in some monkeys during parenteral nutrition, followed by prolonged suppression of appetite after cessation of the infusions. Further studies of the effects of varied compositions of parenteral nutrition, and varied methods of weaning from infusions, are indicated.
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PMID:Effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite in monkeys. 9 52

Insulin, a primary metabolic hormone, plays a dominant role in the regulation of food intake. An increase in the level of circulating insulin produced by its prandial release from endogenous stores is associated with the state of satiety. On the other hand, an increase in the insulin level produced by its exogenous administration, as well as by its excessive and prolonged release in certain pathological states or during the period of nocturnal overeating, paradoxically gives rise to the sensation of hunger. This differential effect of endogenous and exogenous insulin is analyzed in view of experimental and clinical evidence concerning the principal mechanisms in the regulation of food intake. These include the interrelation of central and peripheral glucosensitive systems, the involvement of the enteroinsular axis, and the effects on these regulatory mechanisms of the physiological state produced by changes in circulating insulin levels. The essential role of the vagus nerve in mediating the hunger and satiety induced by the lack of excess of glucose for cellular oxidation places the short-term glucostatic control in the periphery where the insulin is primarily acting. A unifying hypothesis concerning the role of insulin in the regulation of good intake is proposed and its clinical implications suggested.
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PMID:The role of insulin in the glucostatic control of food intake. 82 7

A boy 14 years of age, weighing 93,45 kg and 143 cm in height was refered to our clinic with hyperphagia and pain in the joints. The patient showed the Prader-Labhart-Willi-syndrome. Through maximal diet therapy, 2 admittances in our ward and through intensive psychological outpatient care, we have seen a weight loss of 26 kg in 18 months and clear improvement in the patient's health. We would like to draw attention to the fact that a weight reduction diet is a cooperative family effort. To satiate uncontrollable hunger an intermittent dose of Fenfluramine (0,5 mg/kg) is recommended.
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PMID:[Treatment of extreme obesity in a case of Prader-Willi-Labhart-syndrome (author's transl)]. 125 Jun 28

The effect of various doses of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on food intake in rats fed either a medium fat diet with a moderate carbohydrate content (MF-rats) or a carbohydrate-free high fat diet (HF-rats) was tested. Injections were given intraperitoneally either in the middle of the bright phase or 1 h after onset of the dark phase. During the light phase 2-DG induced a transient hyperphagia in both HF- and MF-rats, but the hyperphagia was somewhat less pronounced in HF-rats. During the dark phase 2-DG produced a hyperphagia in the MF-rats and a long-term hypophagia in the HF-rats. Since 2-DG elicited feeding in HF-rats during the light phase, the feeding response to 2-DG not only reflects hunger for carbohydrate as previously suggested but also seems to produce hunger for energy.
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PMID:Effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on food intake of rats are affected by diet composition. 161 56

Compulsive overeating is a behavior used in an attempt to numb or nurture feelings that are threatening to the person. Emotional states are soothed by use of food. Treatment is designed to respond to internal, biologic causes of hunger and satiety while simultaneously allowing feelings to surface and be dealt with. Work on the inner child enables the person to identify and deal with unmet needs and correct distortions from childhood. The secondary gain realized from the extra weight is examined, and direct means of dealing with these needs explored. The focus of recovery is on learning to nurture the self, physically and emotionally.
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PMID:Compulsive overeating. 189 2

Causes of obesity include a low resting metabolic rate, environmental factors, family behavior patterns, a poorly developed satiety response and reactive eating due to stress or anxiety. Morbid obesity is characterized by an increased number of adipocytes and a degree of irreversibility. Overeating increases the size of adipocytes; however, once adipocytes achieve their maximal size, proliferation is induced and massive, irreversible obesity may result. A syndrome of restrained eating produced by chronic dieting leads to hunger, frustration and rebound overeating. Treatment may be unsuccessful because of the failure to address specific causes of obesity in individual patients and the use of reducing regimens that are not designed to maintain weight loss. Recognition of the diverse clinical forms of obesity and their different etiologies permits treatment regimens to be more specific, increasing the likelihood of success. Even with this approach, treatment failure is common.
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PMID:Obesity: types and treatments. 172 3

During the past 50 years, obesity has increasingly become a problem in Western societies. If low energy output by these individuals (i.e. lack of exercise) cannot be held totally accountable for this problem, then their energy input (i.e. appetite) must play a significant role. There are many elements that give rise to appetite disturbances and their effects on weight gain, weight loss or its maintenance. Previously, it was thought that emotional disturbances led to overeating and overweight; a theory that was supplanted later by the theory that physiological rather than psychological causes were to blame. Today, it is generally believed that appetite is controlled by the interaction of internal (genetic, physiological and chemical) and external (environmental and psychosocial) processes. The role of nutritional and dietary factors in controlling the expression of appetite are particularly important. Thus, appetite (hyperphagia or increased hunger) can be induced by changes in brain neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, altered liver metabolism, adjustments of the nutrient/sensory components of the diet, environmentally applied stressors, the mental and behavioural imposition of dieting and the administration of various psychotropic medications. This review focuses on the role of each of these mechanisms plays in the genesis and maintenance of appetite disturbances; the conclusion of each of these contributions is the same--control of appetite must be achieved in order to treat obesity, and to do this, control must be exerted via regulation of the food supply, cognitive methods, environmental adjustment or by pharmacological tools.
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PMID:Appetite disturbance and the problems of overweight. 219 72

Based on a system to categorize high-risk situations for relapse in addictive disorders, instruments were developed to assess cue strength and self-efficacy relevant to weight loss attempts. Two versions of the Situational Appetite Measure (SAM) were developed, one to assess urges to overeat in selected situations and the other to assess self-efficacy in controlling urges to overeat. In a sample of college student dieters and enrollees in commercial diet centers, the measures were found to be highly correlated, such that as consummatory urges increased, self-efficacy to control overeating decreased. High-risk situations were represented by five relatively distinct and reliable subscales: relaxation, food present, hunger, reward, and negative feelings. Low cue strength and high self-efficacy for controlling overeating in situations involving negative feelings predicted weight reduction among female dieters in treatment. The multidimensional nature of the SAM allows for differential prediction of eating behavior across situations.
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PMID:Development and validation of the situational appetite measures. 224 20

Palatability is a hypothetical construct which is needed to account for the hedonic aspects of the taste, smell, flavour, texture, etc. of food. Palatability is influenced by innate factors, but can also be modified by learning. Powerful preferences and aversions can be conditioned by the aftereffects of food ingestion. Despite the common assertion that palatability is enhanced in a state of relative food deprivation, there is evidence to suggest that hunger and palatability act largely independently to determine intake. Accordingly a distinction should be made between the pleasantness of the taste of food (influenced by palatability) and the pleasantness of ingesting that food (influenced by hunger/satiety). Increased palatability appears to be at least part of the explanation of why certain diets promote hyperphagia and obesity. However, the postingestive effects which contribute to the greater palatability of such diets remain to be identified.
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PMID:Why a palatability construct is needed. 236 10

Despite our strong belief in the utility of laboratory studies of eating behavior, we also note several caveats on the data thereby obtained. First, it must be assumed that subjects' behavior is influenced by the laboratory environment and is not identical to eating behavior in a "normal" setting. Second, not all bulimic subjects who were screened for these studies actually participated, so that it is possible that the sample of patients from whom we obtained data differed in some ways from a general clinical population of women with bulimia. Nonetheless, we believe that our data provide compelling evidence that the disturbed eating behavior characteristic of bulimia nervosa can be profitably studied in the laboratory. Even under structured laboratory conditions, most bulimic patients rated one of their multicourse meals as typical of a binge, and, during that meal, consumed a much larger amount of food and ate more rapidly than did controls who were asked to overeat. The significant correlations between the sizes of the multicourse and single-course binge meals and between the size of laboratory binge meals and the size of the "naturally occurring" binge meals reported to the dietician suggest that a reproducible phenomenon is being examined. The results of our studies suggest that the abnormalities of eating behavior in bulimia nervosa cannot be viewed simply as a disturbance of carbohydrate consumption or even as the episodic consumption of a certain type of food. Rather, eating behavior in this syndrome appears more generally disturbed. The most striking difference between the binge and the nonbinge meals of bulimic patients and between the binge eating of patients and the overeating of normal persons is the amount of food consumed, not the macronutrient composition of the meals. In addition, for all four meal types, the patients were hungrier after the end of the meal than were the controls, even though the patients' average caloric intakes were generally larger and their average hunger ratings before the meals did not differ from those of the controls. Certainly, self-induced vomiting may contribute to this abnormality, but it was also observed after nonbinge meals when vomiting did not occur. Together, these data are consistent with the notion that the essential appetitive abnormality in bulimia nervosa lies in the control of the amount of food consumed, not in the consumption of a particular macronutrient or type of food. Patients with bulimia nervosa appear less responsive than normal to the signals that lead to the termination of a meal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Eating behavior in bulimia. 263 74


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