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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Behaviour therapies using conditioning principles have been successful in the treatment of some psychopatological eating behaviours. Such have been the cases for anorexia nervosae in adolescents and adults, refusal to eat in the young child and difficulties of swallowing. Some of these cases are described. Research has been done in different countries on the applications of these methods to the treatment of obesity caused by overeating which appears very frequently in our societies. Systematic and covert desensitization and operant conditioning using positive reinforcements are more frequently used in these behaviour modification procedures than aversive methods. More recently, researches on self-control (self-reward and self-punishment) have shown it as a very efficient tool for inducing weight loss. These methods using self-control have been applied to large populations: after a first, careful examination of the patient's eating behaviour, the program of reinforcement is established. It can be partially controlled by written instructions and letters. Results are already encouraging although they need to be followed up. But more research should be done on overeating behaviours, the way they appear and are maintained and on different programs of reinforcement for weight loss.
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PMID:[Behavior therapy in disorders of dietary behavior]. 1 79

Varied clinical observations of the presence of either hunger or anorexia during intragastric or intravenous alimentation have led to the current experiments. Nine rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were involved in studies of the long-term effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite as assessed by feeding behavior and gastric motility. The monkeys received either intragastric infusions of glucose or a complete liquid diet, or intravenous infusions of glucose or glucose/amino acid solutions. Oral intake was accurately adjusted to account for the calories administered by the intragastric route. Oral intake was also reduced in a calorically equivalent amount to account for the calories received during intravenous glucose. When glucose/amino acid solutions were administered parenterally, adjustments were less accurate, with resultant overeating and weight gain in some monkeys during parenteral nutrition, followed by prolonged suppression of appetite after cessation of the infusions. Further studies of the effects of varied compositions of parenteral nutrition, and varied methods of weaning from infusions, are indicated.
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PMID:Effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on appetite in monkeys. 9 52

Low doses of the formamidine pesticide, chlordimeform (CDM) induce voracious daytime feeding in non-food deprived rats. Following CDM (10 mg/kg), food intakes were five times control intakes after 3 h and 1.1 times control intakes after 24 h. Other selected formamidines, such as the N-demethylated metabolite of CDM, and amitraz, increased 3-h food intake by two and five times control intake, respectively. Anorexia accompanied by excessive CNS stimulation was noted with higher doses of CDM (above 40 mg/kg) and other formamidines. This contrasts with the sedation usually observed with high doses of other structurally diverse appetite stimulants. In addition, hyperphagia was not observed with other CNS stimulants or local anesthetics such as amphetamine, cocaine, and holocaine. Thus the formamidines constitute a new class of appetite stimulants, which should prove to be useful agents for the study of feeding behavior.
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PMID:Increased feeding in rats treated with chlordimeform and related formamidines: a new class of appetite stimulants. 10 45

Severe protein-energy undernutrition is a frequent finding among chronically ill patients. Its causes are anorexia, hypermetabolism, and malabsorption. Adverse consequences include impaired cell-mediated immunity increased susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, weakness, and death. Spontaneous oral intake is inadequate in patients with this disorder, and therapeutic maintenance or repletion alimentation is needed. Enteral hyperalimentation is the method of choice, if tolerated. A successful treatment program usually requires a small-bore, flexible nasoenteral tube, appropriate feeding solution, and constant flow delivery of nutrient. If only partial dietary requirements are tolerated enterally, peripheral intravenous nutrient solutions can often supply the deficit. Although not suitable for all patients, enteral hyperalimentation is more physiologic, safer, easier, and more economical than central venous hyperalimentation. It would be well tolerated by many patients who now receive nutritional repletion by the latter method.
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PMID:Enteral hyperalimentation: an alternative to central venous hyperalimentation. 10 58

Enteral hyperalimentation in four patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis and anorexia increased spontaneous food intake, increased their nitrogen balance and the patients improved clinically. Seven patients with alcoholic hepatitis, who were clinically ill and able to eat only 410-1,100 calories per day, were given a 900 mosM/l. parenteral "hyperalimentation" solution by a peripheral vein (P-900). The intravenous nutrition provided daily 51.6-77.4 gm. amino acids in addition to oral intake. All patients improved. None developed detectable encephalopathy after 16-42 days of P-900 therapy. Five additional patients had ascites and alcoholic hepatitis. The daily infusion of 2,000 ml. P-900 was not associated with hyponatremia, renal failure or encephalopathy in four of these five patients who improved and continued their diuresis. P-900 therapy was discontinued in one because of progressive hyponatremia. The observations indicate that over and above the maximum tolerable oral nutrition, intravenous nutrition can be effectively utilized by clinically ill, jaundiced patients with alcoholic hepatitis without precipitating encephalopathy or interference with standard therapy of ascites.
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PMID:Hyperalimentation in alcoholic hepatitis. 11 34

Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) and olfactory tubercle (OT) caused enhanced intake of wet mash in 23-hr-food-deprived rats tested in photocell activity cages during restricted 30-min sessions. This mild hyperphagia was accompanied by a significant hypoactivity in the group with NAS/OT lesions. No hyperphagia was observed during a prolonged 120-min test session or in free-feeding tests conducted in the home cage. Anorexia induced by d-amphetamine (.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) was unaltered by the lesion, although the locomotor stimulant action of the drug was attenuated. A second experiment showed that the NAS/OT lesion also enhanced food intake in the photocell cages during 30-min sessions with dry food pellets but that food-associated drinking was concomitantly reduced. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral changes caused by mesolimbic neuron destruction result in part from an inability to switch from one behavioral activity to another.
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PMID:Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. 28 97

Anorectic agents such as d-amphetamine and fenfluramine showed a remarkably higher effect in rats with hyperphagia after lesioning the ventromedial hypothalamus. A persistence and even a further increase of the hypersensitivity to anorectics was observed in animals which, eight months after ventromedial hypothalamus-lesioning, resumed almost normal eating patterns. The appearance of the hypersensitivity to anorectic agents after lesioning and its persistence or enhancement in long-term operated animals are interpreted in terms of the mechanisms contributing to the neural reorganization of the control of the feeding center after suppression of ventromedial inhibitory influences.
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PMID:Hypersensititivity of rats to anorectic agents after lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus. 32 10

Radiation therapy may induce anorexia with resultant weight loss and inanition that can limit the dose of radiation therapy administered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 39 nutritionally-depleted patients who had a variety of malignant diseases treated with radiation therapy and concomitant nutritional support with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). The average dose of radiation delivered was 3827 rads in an average of 3.5 weeks. Ninety-five percent of the patients completed their planned course of radiation therapy and improved symptomatically. Fifty-four percent of the patients responded with a greater than 50% reduction in tumor size. Responding patients gained an average weight of 13.0 +/- 6.5 lbs. during IVH (av. 36.2 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3832 rads), whereas non-responding patients gained only 4.9 +/- 8.8 lbs. (p less than 0.001) during IVH (av. 42.8 days) and radiation therapy (av. 3819 rads). Serum albumin concentrations rose from 3.12 +/- 0.49 gm/100 ml to 3.51 +/- 0.68 gm/100 ml (p less than 0.05) during treatment in responding patients but did not rise significantly from 3.09 +/- 0.48 gm/100 ml in non-responding patients. In conclusion, IVH allowed a planned course of radiation therapy to be delivered to a group of poor-risk, malnourished cancer patients, and a positive correlation between tumor response and nutritional status was identified. Moreover, IVH was a valuable adjunct in the treatment of six patients who had enteric fistulas that originated from radiated bowel.
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PMID:Intravenous hyperalimentation as an adjunct to radiation therapy. 40 85

A complete remission of widely metastatic bladder carcinoma was obtained with chemotherapy in a 41-year-old man. Severe persistent anorexia led to a 33% weight loss. The anorexia correlated with an elevated sucrose recognition threshold. Following 16 days of intravenous hyperalimentation, taste sensation returned to normal, anorectic symptoms cleared, and weight gain and positive nitrogen balance resulted. There was no stimulation of tumor growth. Restoration of nutritional deficits with intravenous hyperalimentation can improve taste function and appetite so that adequate oral alimentation can be tolerated.
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PMID:Correction of taste abnormality of malignancy with intravenous hyperalimentation. 41 88

Serum zinc concentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste, and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy, and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc binding proteins. The low serum zinc concentrations and high urinary zinc excretions in patients with nephrotic syndrome do not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary proteins. Studies in dogs indicate increased serum and urine concentrations of certain amino acids(cysteine, histidine) greatly increase urinary zinc excretions. Studies are now underway to determine if the hyperzincuria and hypozincemia of cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and hyperalimentation can be explained by an increase in these urinary amino acids.
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PMID:Zinc metabolism in renal disease and renal control of zinc excretion. 60 38


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