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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obesity resulting from lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) has often been attributed to ablation-induced disinhibition of insulin release. However, lesion studies have generally employed electrolyzing anodal current with stainless steel electrodes, which results not only in tissue ablation but deposits of metallic ions that can chronically irritate surrounding tissue. The present study compared the effects of irritative and nonirritative VMH lesions on plasma insulin levels and obesity in female rats. Blood samples were obtained after a 4-h fast and 17 min after the initiation of a meal (6 ml of sweetened milk in 7 min) during a period when VMH rats were food restricted to the level of sham-operated animals and again when all animals were fed ad libitum. Irritative lesions (anodal electrolytic with stainless steel electrodes) caused heavy metallic ion deposition at the lesion site, marked obesity, and hyperinsulinemia both during food restriction and ad libitum feeding. Nonirritative lesions (cathodal electrolytic with platinum electrodes) resulted in no metallic ion deposition in seven of nine animals. These seven rats, which displayed 65% of the weight gain of animals with irritative lesions (significantly greater than sham rats), had significantly elevated insulin levels only under the postabsorptive condition during ad libitum feeding. In addition, only the animals with irritative lesions displayed emotional hyperreactivity to capture and handling. It is concluded that obesity produced by anodal electrolytic lesions with stainless steel electrodes is a result of both a destructive component resulting in hyperphagia with secondary hyperinsulinemia and an irritative component (accounting for up to 40% of the weight gain in female rats) resulting in basal hyperinsulinemia independent of hyperphagia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nonirritative lesions of VMH: effects on plasma insulin, obesity, and hyperreactivity. 389 May 56

The amygdaloid complex plays an important role in various defensive, sexual and metabolic functions of the organism. Our previous experiments on the defensive functions demonstrated that the amygdala may be divided into dorsomedial excitatory and basolateral inhibitory parts. Our recent experiments showed that this division is true also for alimentary mechanisms. The dorsomedial part of the amygdala acts as a facilitatory "center" and the lateral part as an inhibitory alimentary "center". These functions of the amygdala are parallel to those of the hypothalamic feeding centers. Bilateral damage to either the dorsomedial amygdala or to the lateral hypothalamus produced aphagia with adipsia, decrease of body weight and impairment of both classical and instrumental reactions. These changes were accompanied by low general arousal, atonia, catatonic like positions, negavitism and loss of positive emotional reactions. Damage to the lateral amygdala, on the other hand, produces a syndrome similar to damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, i.e. hyperphagia and an increase of body weight. Slight increase of both classical and instrumental reactions and disinhibition of responses during intertrial intervals were found in both cases. Combined damage of the dorsomedial amygdala and lateral hypothalamus enhanced the symptoms attributable to each and prolonged the period of aphagia. Damage to the lateral amygdala subsequent to lesions of the dorsomedial amygdala and/or the lateral hypothalamus produced restoration of food intake, instrumental reactions and general arousal.
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PMID:Amygdala functions within the alimentary system. 485 May 5

The relationship of disinhibition and dietary restraint with body mass was studied in a sample of 293 women. Results suggested that higher body mass was associated with an interaction of disinhibition and dietary restraint. The association of disinhibition with higher body mass was moderated by increased dietary restraint. Symptoms of an eating disorder were more strongly associated with disinhibition than with dietary restraint. These results suggest that dieting may moderate the increased body mass associated with overeating. Psychological and eating problems associated with dietary restraint were found to be of less significance than those associated with disinhibition.
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PMID:Association of body mass with dietary restraint and disinhibition. 749 25

Local injection of sulpiride to block dopamine (primarily D2-type) receptors in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (pf-LH) can induce locomotion, feeding, and drinking, and in the present study, local sulpiride induced reward and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens. Sulpiride injected bilaterally (4, 8, and 16 micrograms/0.3 microliters), ipsilaterally, or contralaterally (8 micrograms) in the pf-LH increased extracellular levels of DA and its metabolites in the accumbens. Bilateral sulpiride injected posterior and medial to the pf-LH controlled for diffusion to the ventricle or ventral midbrain. Rats self-injected sulpiride (210 ng/21 nl/2 s) in the pf-LH (111 resp/2 h on drug lever vs. 20 resp on a blank lever). Thus, cells in the pf-LH establish connections with mesolimbic DA neurons involved in the behavior reinforcement process. Evidently hypothalamic cells with DA receptors normally inhibit aspects of behavior reinforcement. Disinhibition with hypothalamic sulpiride is reward for self-injection and cause of overeating that can lead to obesity.
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PMID:Rats self-inject a dopamine antagonist in the lateral hypothalamus where it acts to increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. 750 63

The hypotheses that dieting and/or overeating are associated with adiposity, eating disturbances, and lowered energy expenditure were tested in this study. A sample of 44 premenopausal women scoring high and low on measures of dietary restraint and disinhibition of dietary control, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, was studied. A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed (High/Low restraint x High/Low Disinhibition). Dependent variables were: body composition, dietary intake, activity, resting metabolic rate, and thermic effect of food. Unrestrained overeaters (Low Restraint/High Disinhibition group) were very obese. High Dietary Restraint was associated with intent to diet and controlled eating. High scores on the Disinhibition Scale were associated with episodic overeating. Groups did not differ in resting metabolic rate (controlled for fat-free mass). Lower thermic effect of food was found to be associated with the obesity found in High Disinhibition subjects. Thus, Dietary Restraint was not associated with significant adverse effects upon physical or psychological health. High Disinhibition, however, was associated with adiposity and significant disturbances of eating.
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PMID:The association of body weight, dietary intake, and energy expenditure with dietary restraint and disinhibition. 771 61

Restrained eaters have been reported to overeat following a high caloric preload, a phenomenon referred to as the disinhibition effect. However this effect has not been found when subjects were classified by the restraint subscales of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ; Stunkard & Messick, 1985) or the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (van Strien et al., 1986). The present study investigates the disinhibition effect in 133 normal-weight young women, using a two-factorial classification including the TFEQ-restraint and the TFEQ-disinhibition scale. The subjects were requested to consume ice-cream ad libitum during a taste test following a 200-ml milkshake preload or without preload. The results show that the behavioural disinhibition effect occurs only in subjects with simultaneous high scores on both subscales. In addition, subjects with high disinhibition scores consumed more ice-cream than low disinhibition subjects irrespective of their degree of restraint. While subjects with a more rigid control of eating behaviour did not show a difference in the amount of ice-cream consumed with or without preload, subjects with a more flexible control of eating behaviour reduced their intake following the preload condition. With regard to the Revised Restraint Scale (RRS Herman & Polivy, 1980) multiple regression results show that high RRS scores may be due to either higher TFEQ-restraint or higher TFEQ-disinhibition scores. The interpretation of the results favours the renaming of the TFEQ-disinhibition scale to "susceptibility to eating problems" because high scores on this scale indicate overeating in a variety of situations without requiring prior inhibition i.e. dietary restraint. It is supposed that high susceptibility to eating problems may be caused by rigid control of eating behaviour, whereas flexible control of eating behaviour may be a less problematic strategy of long-term weight control.
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PMID:Cognitive control of eating behaviour and the disinhibition effect. 782 55

We studied the clinical features, pathology, and molecular genetics of a family (Mo) with an autosomal dominant disinhibition, frontal lobe dementia, parkinsonism, and amyotrophy. We examined seven affected members and gathered clinical information on another six. The mean onset was at age 45 years. Personality and behavioral changes (disinhibition, withdrawal, alcoholism, hyperphagia) were the first symptoms in twelve. There was early memory loss, anomia, and poor construction with preservation until late of orientation, speech, and calculations. All affected members examined had rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Mean duration to death was 13 years. We studied the neuropathology of six individuals, five of whom had been examined in life. There was atrophy and spongiform change in the frontotemporal cortex, and neuronal loss and gliosis in the substantia nigra and amygdala. Two individuals, including one with fasciculations and muscle wasting, had anterior horn cell loss. There were no Lewy bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, or amyloid plaques. We call this disorder the "disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex" (DDPAC), based on the clinical syndrome found in this family and linkage to chromosome 17.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of a family with chromosome 17-linked disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex. 793 62

One hundred obese women with a mean age of 39.2 years, and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 35.9 kg/m2 were evaluated before entering a treatment study for weight reduction. According to the results of a structured interview, subjects were divided into four groups: (1) no overeating episodes, (2) episodic overeating episodes without the feeling of loss of control, (3) overeating plus the sense of loss of control (binge eating), and (4) full diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant positive associations between binge eating and eating/weight-related characteristics such as a history of frequent weight fluctuations, the amount of time spent dieting, drive for thinness, and a tendency for disinhibition of eating. Furthermore, subjects exhibited more feelings of ineffectiveness, stronger perfectionistic attitudes, more impulsivity, less self-esteem, and less interoceptive awareness the more problems with binge eating they reported. The results support the idea that binge eaters might be a distinct subgroup among the obese population, and corroborate the utility of a diagnosis of BED in identifying the most disturbed obese subjects with regard to the variables tested.
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PMID:Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. 812 26

Hypothesizing the existence of a subgroup of female smokers for whom nicotine masks, and abstinence unmasks, a tendency toward hyperphagia and perhaps even subthreshold disordered eating, we compared female "weight-control smokers" (WC; n = 46) and "non-weight-control smokers" (NWC; n = 52) on smoking- and eating-related variables. We also examined the relationship between weight-control smoking and withdrawal symptomatology during 48-hours of nicotine abstinence (n = 23). Although WC were not more depressed, anxious, or nicotine-dependent than NWC, they were significantly more likely to report weight gain and increased hunger during abstinence; they also scored higher on Cognitive Restraint and Disinhibition (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire). The expected correlation of cotinine with weight emerged for NWC but not for WC. Weight-control smoking correlated with increased eating during abstinence. Our findings suggest that WC use dietary restraint as well as smoking to manage weight, and that abstinence may precipitate episodes of disinhibited or binge eating. If WC overinclude women vulnerable to excess or unpredictable eating and consequently to substantial weight gain that can be managed by nicotine, highly focused treatment strategies may be helpful.
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PMID:The female weight-control smoker: a profile. 818 73

The relationships between the cognitive restraint and the tendency to disinhibition prior to gastric banding for obesity, as assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the weight loss at one year following the operation were investigated. The amount of overall weight loss was correlated positively to the disinhibition and negatively to the cognitive restraint score. When the food consumption overtakes the proximal gastric pouch capacity, the patient feels a strong aversive stimulus, thus stopping eating. Therefore, more is the patient's tendency to lose the control on food intake more is the postoperative weight loss. On the contrary, the high restraint patient only seldom feels such an aversive stimulus, and only seldom stops eating, thus the weight loss is smaller. Except for the overeating due to the disinhibition, the aversive stimulus arising from the gastric restriction cannot influence by itself any other aspect of eating behavior.
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PMID:[Preoperative eating behavior and weight loss after gastric banding for obesity]. 865 41


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