Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fluoxetine selectively inhibits serotonin uptake in vitro and in vivo and thus enhances serotonergic function, leading to a decrease in food intake beginning with the first dose and a decrease in body weight or in weight gain after multiple doses of fluoxetine. Fluoxetine and other drugs that increase serotonergic function decrease food intake with characteristics that make them attractive for use in weight reduction. In rats, for instance, fluoxetine and other serotonergic drugs suppress stress-induced eating, suppress carbohydrate consumption selectively, and suppress insulin-induced hyperphagia. Fluoxetine and other serotonergic drugs do not cause amphetamine-like behavioral stimulation in animals and have no known abuse or addiction liability. In obese yellow mice and in normal mice, as in rats, fluoxetine causes a sustained decrease in food intake and body weight. The pharmacologic effects of fluoxetine in animals suggest its potential use in weight-reduction programs in obese humans.
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PMID:Preclinical pharmacology of fluoxetine, a serotonergic drug for weight loss. 172 30

We have proposed that the atypical opioid system in the mouse may be representative of that in the anorexia nervosa patient and may account for a biological predisposition to the disorder. This is in the context of our auto-addiction model of anorexia nervosa in which endogenous opioids play a critical role in its etiology. Morphine activation of the endogenous opioid systems increases food intake and causes sedation in most species, including normal humans and rats. In contrast in BALB/C mice, morphine causes anorexia and hyperactivity, which we suggest may be true in the anorexia nervosa patient. A variety of atypical opioid systems have been demonstrated in different mouse strains, based on other responses. The present study examines these strains with reference to the responses relevant to our anorexia nervosa model. Three patterns are described--anorexia with hyperactivity (BALB/C and C57BL/6J mice), anorexia without hyperactivity (DBA/J mice), and a biphasic curve with hyperphagia at low doses and anorexia and hyperactivity at higher doses (CF-1 mice). Only female mice were used. These atypical opioid systems may reflect a spectrum of biological predispositions to the disorder. These strain differences may also provide useful correlations of the genetic determinants of various opiate responses and provide useful comparisons in characterizing the essential features responsible for the atypical responses.
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PMID:Atypical endogenous opioid systems in mice in relation to an auto-addiction opioid model of anorexia nervosa. 225 May 60

Recent psychiatric literature is reviewed to demonstrate the general state of clinical psychiatry. The advent of chemical therapies requires that psychiatrists receive comprehensive training in organic and dynamic approaches. Consultative collaboration between psychiatrists and physicians is encouraged though there is also a conspicuous need for physician training in consultative techniques and referrals. Diagnostic classifications by the psychiatrist are discussed. Rehabilitation methods in the community and family require more research and awareness on the part of psychiatrists. The manifold variety of investigations, studies, treatments, and rehabilitation of schizophrenics is discussed at length and the often contradictory conclusions are noted. The scope of analysis and treatment of depression is reviewed and certain etiological hypotheses associated backgrounds and depression are shown to be invalid. Suicide and its prognostication is covered as well as narcotic addiction and other disorders such as hyperphagia, anorexia, and dystonia musculorum deformans. 1 study is cited, based on an investigation of 120 children born as a result of the mothers being refused an abortion, suggesting that early rejection rather than early bereavement contributes to a higher risk of psychiatric difficulties in later life.
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PMID:Clinical psychiatry. 488 Jan 69

People can express their suffering voicing it, complaining with their body, with gestures, movements; for alerts eyes it is even more comprehensive and true than words. Complaints that human beings are capable of expressing are not so many, there are only a handful, and this work intends to be exhaustive in its exposition. It is possible to complain against third persons. It is also possible to do so against oneself assuming either the intransigent attitude of a father who judges a son who does not fulfill his expectancies, or as a son who resents the paternal demands which he feels he cannot comply. Other kind of complaints include physical symptoms, either isolated (cephalea, dysnea, urticaria) or constituting syndromes or illnesses. Losses suffered are also a source of complaints, whatever the lost object might be (person, situation, material things or a part of oneself). It can be mourned because of its absence, or else by feeling guilty of the real or imaginary damage inflicted or else by feeling indisolubly linked to it with a phantom tie. Other types of complaints are the feeling of dependancy towards something oppressive, be it a substance, such as alcohol, smoking, drugs or overeating, or it may be a person or a situation. In view of the compulsive addiction characteristics with which the subject lives, it is possible to assimilate this dependancy and the feeling of oppression and damage to the link with a toxic.
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PMID:[Gestalt therapy of complaints]. 734 47

The study, conducted over 4 years among 400 diabetic patients, reports the epidemiological and clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus at the National Hospital of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Epidemiologically, diabetes mellitus affects men by 64% and women by 36%. 76% are over 40 y. o., whereas only 2.2% are under 20. Clinically, the classification of diabetic patients shows that 10.7% are insulin-dependent and 76.5% non insulin-dependent. No usual tropical diabetes has been found. The calcifications observed in 2.5% of cases were combined with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The classic triad (polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia) led to diagnostic by 41% of the patients, whereas 27.5% have been identified when having complications, and 23% by a systematic check-up. Cardio-vascular risk factors combined with diabetes have been found: obesity (28%), high blood pressure (20%), hyperuricaemia (14%), addiction to smoking (20%). The epidemiological characteristics, as well as the various clinical aspects, mostly complies with the observations of the african authors.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus at the National Hospital Center of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. 899 12

Experience with gastro-restrictive obesity showed the necessity of detailed research in three main tasks: 1. characteristics of morbidly obese people 2. psychological effects of surgery 3. interaction of these characteristics and effects of surgery. We carried out 7 studies with a total of 650 participants. Clinical interviews and tests measuring personality, eating behaviour, self esteem, addiction factors and quality of life were performed. Morbidly obese differ significantly from normal weight people with the exception of most personality scales. Effects of surgery can be summarized that patients learn to avoid overeating but they do not learn to nourish on healthy solid nutrition and they do not learn to exercise more than before. By paradox learning process 30-50 % of gastric banding patients establish vomiting behaviour or eating pulp and sweets. These who show low self esteem, high addiction score and high disinhibition behaviour are more at risk. Different psychological, nutritional as well as physiotherapeutic interventions are needed to help these patients.
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PMID:[Psychological aspects of bariatric surgery]. 1252 20

As science and medicine enter the new millennium, the influences of genetics and neurochemistry as high-risk determinants in the etiology and development of eating disorders are increasingly manifest in professional literature. Eating disorders are now recognized as major medical and psychiatric problems affecting millions throughout the world. Psychoeducational, cognitive, behavioral, and psychopharmacologic treatments form the basis of most interventions which, for the most part, tend to view the eating disorder as a symptom of underlying psychopathology. The Israel Counseling and Treatment Center of the North has been treating eating disorders as addictive disease by applying the twelve step program of the Anonymous Fellowships as an adjunct to counseling and treatment for those who suffer from compulsive overeating and bulimia. Following the ongoing program of interventions with adults, a counseling group for adolescent females was co-facilitated under the supervision of the author. A co-therapist, in recovery from bulimia and comulsive overeating, uses the twelve step philosophy and served as a role model in this group intervention. Another sample of adolescent females was offered individual counseling adhering to the same addiction treatment approach. Success rates were operationally defined and measured by weight loss in the obese population and the cessation of purging behaviors among bulimic subjects for a six-month period. The two adolescent treatment samples had success rates of 62% and 33% respectively. A higher success rate of 71% was observed with adult bulimic females who participated in group counseling. A mean weight loss of 3.9 kg for the small sample of adolescents and a 9.7 kg. mean weight loss for obese adults in treatment was reported. The theoretical basis of the addiction treatment paradigm for eating disorders is presented. Results and problems encountered specific to treating the adolescent population are discussed.
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PMID:The treatment of eating disorders as addiction among adolescent females. 1261 9

Sensitivity to reward (STR)-a personality trait firmly rooted in the neurobiology of the mesolimbic dopamine system-has been strongly implicated in the risk for addiction. This construct describes the ability to derive pleasure or reward from natural reinforcers like food, and from pharmacologic rewards like addictive drugs. Recently experts in the field of addiction research have acknowledged that psychomotor stimulant drugs are no longer at the heart of all addictions, and that brain circuits can also be deranged with natural rewards like food. The present study tested a model in which STR was expected to relate positively to overeating, which in turn would be associated with higher body weight in woman aged 25-45 years. As predicted, STR was correlated positively with measures of emotional overeating. Also, overweight woman were significantly more sensitive to reward than those of normal weight. Interestingly, however, the obese woman (Body Mass Index>30) were more anhedonic than the overweight woman (Body Mass Index>25<30). These findings are discussed in the context of neuroadaptations to overactivity of brain reward circuits. Results also indicate that STR may serve as a risk factor for overeating and overweight, especially in cultures such as ours where palatable, calorically-dense food is plentiful.
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PMID:Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. 1501 Jan 76

Withdrawal from psychostimulants, including methamphetamine, induces a depressive state associated with lethargy, dysphoria, hyperphagia and psychomotor retardation. Previous work with repeated administration of amphetamine in rats has shown that amphetamine withdrawal produces decreased motivation to work for a non-drug reward, and this withdrawal is reversed by administration of a dopamine partial agonist. The purpose of the present study was to examine decreased motivation to work for a non-drug reward during methamphetamine withdrawal and explore the effects of a dopamine agonist, dopamine partial agonist, and indirect monoamine agonist on methamphetamine withdrawal. During withdrawal from repeated methamphetamine administration, rats showed reduced responding for a sweet solution in a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, and this effect was significantly more pronounced than previously observed with amphetamine. Repeated systemic treatment with the dopamine partial agonist terguride (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily), the full dopamine agonist ropinirole (1 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily), and acetyl-L-carnitine (60 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), a compound with a potential antidepressant effect, during methamphetamine withdrawal restored responding for the sweet solution, suggesting that these drugs may represent potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of methamphetamine addiction during the withdrawal phase.
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PMID:Effects of terguride, ropinirole, and acetyl-L-carnitine on methamphetamine withdrawal in the rat. 1664 7

An increasing number of people report concerns about the amount of stress in their life. At the same time obesity is an escalating health problem worldwide. Evidence is accumulating rapidly that stress related chronic stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and resulting excess glucocorticoid exposure may play a potential role in the development of visceral obesity. Since adequate regulation of energy and food intake under stress is important for survival, it is not surprising that the HPA axis is not only the 'conductor' of an appropriate stress response, but is also tightly intertwined with the endocrine regulation of appetite. Here we attempt to link animal and human literatures to tease apart how different types of psychological stress affect eating. We propose a theoretical model of Reward Based Stress Eating. This model emphasizes the role of cortisol and reward circuitry on motivating calorically dense food intake, and elucidating potential neuroendocrine mediators in the relationship between stress and eating. The addiction literature suggests that the brain reward circuitry may be a key player in stress-induced food intake. Stress as well as palatable food can stimulate endogenous opioid release. In turn, opioid release appears to be part of an organisms' powerful defense mechanism protecting from the detrimental effects of stress by decreasing activity of the HPA axis and thus attenuating the stress response. Repeated stimulation of the reward pathways through either stress induced HPA stimulation, intake of highly palatable food or both, may lead to neurobiological adaptations that promote the compulsive nature of overeating. Cortisol may influence the reward value of food via neuroendocrine/peptide mediators such as leptin, insulin and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Whereas glucocorticoids are antagonized by insulin and leptin acutely, under chronic stress, that finely balanced system is dysregulated, possibly contributing to increased food intake and visceral fat accumulation. While these mechanisms are only starting to be elucidated in humans, it appears the obesity epidemic may be exacerbated by the preponderance of chronic stress, unsuccessful attempts at food restriction, and their independent and possibly synergistic effects on increasing the reward value of highly palatable food.
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PMID:Stress, eating and the reward system. 1754 57


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