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Query: UMLS:C0020505 (hyperphagia)
 6,116 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Central and lateral hypothalamic concentrations of 10 regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in streptozocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) and matched control rats between 1 day and 14 wk after diabetes induction. After 2 wk, both central and lateral hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations in STZ-D rats were consistently higher than those found in control rats, with significant 30-50% increases at 4 wk in the central hypothalamus, and at 6 and 14 wk in both central and lateral hypothalamus. Immunocytochemical studies in 4- and 6-wk STZ-D animals showed the appearance of intensely NPY-positive swollen cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus and a subjective increase in NPY staining of medial hypothalamic nerve fibers. Central hypothalamic concentrations of three other peptides were significantly greater in STZ-D animals than those in control animals at single points (neurotensin, 1 day; calcitonin gene-related peptide, 2 wk; neurokinin, 4 wk). Hypothalamic concentrations of the other six peptides examined (bombesin, galanin, neuromedin B, substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide) did not differ significantly between STZ-D and control groups at any time. However, galanin immunostaining in the supraoptic and magnocellular paraventricular nuclei was strikingly concentrated in a reduced number of distended cell bodies. Hypothalamic peptide changes in STZ-D could be related to metabolic disturbance, changes in energy and water balance, altered pituitary function, or other factors. Persistently elevated concentrations of NPY, a very potent central stimulant of eating and drinking, may mediate the hyperphagia and polydipsia characteristic of STZ-D.
Diabetes 1988 Jun
PMID:Increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations in diabetic rat. 328 97

Metabolic studies were performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats and normal control (C) rats to assess the role of hyperphagia in the hypercalciuria of diabetes. Urinary calcium excretion (UCaV) was significantly higher in D v C rats fed ad libitum. When D rats were pair-fed (calorie and mineral restriction) with C rats, UCaV declined but remained significantly higher than in C rats. When D rats were allowed their usual increased calorie intake but restricted to C rat mineral consumption, UCaV remained elevated. These findings suggested a tubular reabsorptive defect. In vivo microinjection studies were then performed to identify the site(s) of the tubular reabsorptive defect. Using 1.0 mmol/L Ca in the injectate, 45Ca recovery in the urine (CaR%) was significantly higher in D rats after intratubular injections into early and late proximal tubules and late distal but not early distal tubules. An additional load-dependent defect was revealed in the terminal nephron when the Ca concentration of the injectate was increased to 1.8 mmol/L. After early distal injection, CaR% was significantly increased in D v C rats. Infusion of PTH into thyroparathyroidectomized C and D rats enhanced Ca absorption to a similar degree but did not correct the reabsorptive defect in D rats. These results argue against a lack of end-organ responsiveness to PTH in diabetes or a low serum PTH level as the cause of the hypercalciuria. We conclude that hyperphagia contributes to the hypercalciuria of diabetes in the absence of increased Ca intake. Also, two tubular reabsorptive defects exist: one in the loop of Henle; the other, load-dependent in the terminal nephron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The mechanism of hypercalciuria in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 335 15

To determine how insulin deficiency leads to hypercholesterolemia, we examined cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and utilization in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats fed a grain-based diet ad libitum. Absorbed dietary cholesterol was determined from measurement of dietary cholesterol intake and previous data for cholesterol fractional absorption. Daily rates of cholesterol synthesis in the small intestine, liver, and periphery were calculated from recovery of labeled sterols after injection of 3H2O at six times during 24 h. Utilization of cholesterol for growth, fecal excretion, and bile acid synthesis were also determined. Absorbed dietary cholesterol in diabetic rats was double that in control rats. The contribution of absorbed cholesterol to total cholesterol production (sum of absorbed dietary cholesterol) and endogenous cholesterol synthesis) in control rats was 24% compared to 48% in diabetic rats. The increase in diabetic rats was due to overeating and, to a lesser extent, to increased fractional absorption. Overeating also induced intestinal hypertrophy and a twofold increase in cholesterol synthesis by the small intestine to 24% of whole-body production in diabetic rats. Consequently, the small intestine accounted for 72% of daily cholesterol input in diabetic rats compared to 37% in control rats, with diet accounting for two-thirds of the cholesterol input via the small intestine in both groups. In response to this increased input from the intestine, cholesterol synthesis in the periphery was 39% of whole-body production in control rats compared to 22% in diabetic rats, and synthesis in the liver was 26 and 6% of total cholesterol production in control and diabetic rats, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1988 Aug
PMID:Contributions of absorbed dietary cholesterol and cholesterol synthesized in small intestine to hypercholesterolemia in diabetic rats. 339 47

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) analgesia, mediated in part by endogenous opiate and hypothalamo-hypophysial systems is presumably activated by its stress-related properties. Recently 2DG hyperphagia, but not 2DG hyperglycemia was reduced by central pretreatment with the pancreatic beta-cell toxin, alloxan; this deficit was eliminated by co-administration of 3M D-glucose. The present experiment examined whether intracerebroventricular pretreatment with alloxan (40 or 200 micrograms) altered 2DG analgesia (400 or 700 mg/kg, IP) on the tail-flick and jump tests, and whether 3M D-glucose co-administration ameliorated any deficits. Both alloxan doses significantly reduced 2DG analgesia (400 mg/kg) on both tests. 2DG analgesia (700 mg/kg) was significantly reduced by both alloxan doses on the jump test, but only by the higher alloxan pretreatment on the tail-flick test. 3M D-glucose co-administration ameliorated alloxan-induced analgesic deficits more effectively at the lower 2DG dose. Neither alloxan nor alloxan/3M D-glucose treatments altered basal thresholds. These data pertain both to alloxan's effects upon coding of 2DG effects as stressful, and to the role of diabetes and/or central glucoreceptors in analgesic processes.
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PMID:Intracerebroventricular alloxan reduces 2-deoxy-D-glucose analgesia. 339 8

A prospective study was conducted over six months to determine if triple-lumen catheters were associated with a higher rate of infection than single-lumen catheters. A total of 502 central intravascular catheters were prospectively collected from 362 consecutive patients in the adult intensive care units. Semiquantitative and broth cultures were performed on distal and proximal catheter segments, with peripheral blood culture specimens drawn in febrile patients. The overall infection rate for the 502 catheters was 11.8 percent or 2.2 infections per 100 days at risk. The infection rates were: single-lumen lines, 8 percent; triple-lumen lines, 32 percent; and triple-lumen pulmonary artery catheters, 12 percent. When corrected for time at risk, the triple-lumen lines and the triple-lumen pulmonary artery catheters had the same rate of infection, which was three times greater than that of the single-lumen catheters. After correction for confounding variables such as the presence of diabetes mellitus, the use of hyperalimentation, the degree of illness, dialysis, or ultrafiltration, and the use of a guide wire to place a replacement line over a pre-existing one, the risk of infection remained significantly higher for triple-lumen than for single-lumen catheters. The use of a guide wire to place a new line over an old one also was associated with a trend towards an increased risk of infection.
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PMID:Central catheter infections: single- versus triple-lumen catheters. Influence of guide wires on infection rates when used for replacement of catheters. 250 Aug 54

Feeding 0.001% estrone in a diet to C57BL/KsJ mice homozygous for the recessive obesity gene "diabetes" (db) permitted dissociation of the primary consequences of obesity gene expression from the secondary consequences of diabetes effected through interaction between the db gene and other diabetogenic genes in the inbred background. Estrone-treated db/db mice were similar to untreated mutants in exhibiting hyperphagia and marked obesity. However, estrone-treated mutants did not develop the hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and islet atrophy characteristic of untreated db/db mice. Thus, expression of the primary defect could be studied in the absence of the myriad secondary sequelae elicited by chronic hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Reduced numbers of hepatocyte plasma membrane insulin receptors (50% of normal) persisted in the estrone-treated mice in the absence of hyperinsulinemia, indicating that this deficiency was a consequence of the primary genetic defect and not merely a downregulation phenomenon secondary to hyperinsulinemia. Comparison of insulin secretion from comparably sized +/+ islets versus islets from estrone-treated db/db mice showed no intrinsic defects in beta-cell sensitivity to glucose. In conclusion, db-induced obesity can be dissociated from hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, beta-cell dysfunction, and hyperphagia but is associated with a generalized membrane defect reflected in part by the persistent deficiency of plasma membrane insulin receptors.
Diabetes 1986 Jun
PMID:Estrone treatment dissociates primary versus secondary consequences of "diabetes" (db) gene expression in mice. 351 26

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma after cardiac operations was reviewed in a total of 12 patients from the literature and from my experience in an attempt to determine the clinical features of this condition. Among the unique features of this disease were the following: The mortality is high (42%). The morbidity and mortality are higher in patients with no previous history of diabetes mellitus (67% and 50%) than in those with such a history (33% and 25%). Polyuria is usually a heralding symptom. There is an average time lag of 6 days between the onset of polyuria and the established diagnosis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma. The time lag in patients who died was 7.5 +/- 0.8 days (mean +/- standard error of the mean), significantly longer than in survivors (4.5 +/- 0.8 days). Polyuria usually emerges after the stormy immediate postoperative days have passed (on postoperative day 5.3 on the average). Polyuria is generally regarded as a favorable sign not suggestive of complicating hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma. Therapies known to precipitate this disorder are continued even after development of polyuria. Gastrointestinal bleeding can be a precipitating factor. Hyperalimentation or elemental diet may cause dehydration and trigger hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma. A high or rising serum sodium concentration and/or blood urea nitrogen level with polyuria may be a warning sign of this complication. Too hasty correction of the hyperosmolar state can be dangerous. Pulmonary dysfunction may be involved in the symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma.
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PMID:Clinical features of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic diabetic coma associated with cardiac operations. 352 Jan 59

The function of the entero-insular axis and abnormalities of circulating gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) were examined in mice for 40 days after induction of streptozotocin diabetes. Compared with untreated controls, streptozotocin diabetic mice exhibited marked hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinaemia, with impaired body weight gain, lipoatrophy, hyperphagia, intestinal hypertrophy, polydipsia and renal hypertrophy. Plasma GIP concentrations were elevated in fed but not fasted streptozotocin diabetic mice, and oral fat evoked a greater GIP response than control mice. In spite of marked hyperglycaemia, fat-stimulated GIP release did not raise plasma insulin in streptozotocin diabetic mice. Neither oral nor intraperitoneal glucose produced a significant insulin response in streptozotocin diabetic mice, although oral glucose resulted in a smaller change in glycaemia. The results indicate that streptozotocin diabetes in mice is associated with ineffectiveness of the entero-insular axis, despite elevated GIP concentrations, which are probably mediated through hyperphagia and defective feedback inhibition by insulin on intestinal K cells.
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PMID:Gastric inhibitory polypeptide and the entero-insular axis in streptozotocin diabetic mice. 354 33

Xiaoke tea is consumed as a traditional herbal treatment for diabetes mellitus in China. An aqueous extract of Xiaoke (1 g of dried plant preparation in 64 ml of water), supplied ad lib in place of drinking water during the induction and development of streptozotocin diabetes in mice, reduced (about 30%) plasma glucose concentrations by 25 days. The polydipsia and hyperphagia of the streptozotocin diabetic mice were also reduced by Xiaoke, and the effects lapsed after treatment was withdrawn. Xiaoke did not significantly alter plasma insulin concentrations. Consumption of the Xiaoke extract by insulin-treated diabetic BB/E Wistar rats did not affect glycaemic control or body wt. When insulin treatment was reduced and discontinued, Xiaoke failed to prevent the progression of severe hyperglycaemia and weight loss. The results suggest that the slowly generated antihyperglycaemic effect of Xiaoke in streptozotocin diabetic mice may involve an extrapancreatic effect on food intake, glucose production or glucose clearance. However, as evidenced in BB/E rats, Xiaoke does not substitute for insulin in the absence of endogenous insulin secretion.
Diabetes Res 1987 Jan
PMID:Xiaoke, a traditional Chinese treatment for diabetes. Studies in streptozotocin diabetic mice and spontaneously diabetic BB/E rats. 355 62

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a major health problem, highly correlated with obesity and, therefore, overeating. Diet continues as the cornerstone of therapy, with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin added, if needed, to maintain normal blood glucose values. The diet prescription should be implemented in stages, with caloric restriction the first priority, as weight loss itself diminishes hyperglycemia to or toward normal. Combinations of foods and even different processing or cooking of the same food may produce different glucose responses. These factors minimize the role of the glycemic index in overall diabetes management. Foods with high soluble fiber content may diminish glucose elevations after meals; however, high-fiber foods appear to be less important for the obese diabetic person than adhering to a calorie-restricted diet and achieving weight loss. Attempts should be made to alter life-style within an acceptable degree for any given patient to encourage weight reduction. For example, although exercise may have a small but transient direct effect in lowering blood glucose and insulin resistance, it can be considered an adjunct to decreased calorie diets for weight reduction. Finally, it appears prudent to prevent or reverse obesity, especially in individuals with a family history of diabetes, in the hope that the onset of diabetes may be prevented or postponed.
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PMID:Diet and exercise in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: implications for dietitians from the NIH Consensus Development Conference. 355 8


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