Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Insulin exerts wide variety of biological effects through interaction with its specific receptor, which belongs to a large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. The activated insulin receptor phosphorylates the intracellular substrate IRS protains, which then bind various signalling molecules that contain Src homology 2 domains. The first downstram molecule that was shown to associate with IRS protains is PI3-kinase. PI3-kinase contributes to a wide variety of biological actions. Both Akt(PKB), a serine-threonine kinase with a PH domain, and atypical PKC(PKC zeta, PKC lambda) have been implicated as downstream effectors of PI3-kinase. Insulin resistance contributes to the pathogenesis of NIDDM. Both primary, genetically, and secondary, environmentally factors are important for insulin resistance. The secondary factors include hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, TNF alpha, FFA(free fatty acid).
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PMID:[Insulin signalling system and mechanism of insulin resistance]. 1070 48

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine-threonine kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism in response to nutrient signals. However, the specific involvement of mTOR in regulation of energy metabolism is poorly understood. To determine if signaling via mTOR might be directly involved in regulation of fatty acid metabolism in hepatocytes, we performed studies with rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR. Rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mTOR (18-48 hours) increased oxidation of exogenous fatty acids (46%-100%, respectively). In addition, esterification of exogenous fatty acids and de novo lipid synthesis were reduced (40%-60%, respectively). Consistent with inhibition of lipogenic pathways, rapamycin decreased expression of genes encoding acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase I and mitochondrial glycerol phosphate acyltransferase. Non-insulin-dependent glucose transport and glycogen synthesis were decreased by 20% to 30%, whereas glucose utilization was unaffected by rapamycin. The data suggest that the hyperlipidemia observed with the drug in vivo is likely not the result of enhanced hepatic synthesis, but rather of delayed peripheral clearance. However, these results are consistent with the idea that mTOR may play a significant role, not only in "energy sensing," but also in regulation of energy production through profound effects on hepatic fatty acid metabolism.
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PMID:The mammalian target of rapamycin regulates lipid metabolism in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. 1795 Jan

Sirolimus and its derivate everolimus are two immunosuppressive drugs with similar chemical structure that inhibit the proliferation of T cells by interfering with a serine-threonine kinase, called mTOR. Apart from their immunosuppressive effects, these agents may also inhibit endothelial intimal proliferation, the replication of cytomegalovirus, and the development of certain cancers. The main dose-dependent adverse events of mTOR inhibitors are hyperlipidemia, thrombocytopenia, mucositis, edema, and proteinuria. The use of mTOR inhibitors in renal transplantation may allow to reduce the doses of calcineurin inhibitors. Withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors is also possible and may improve renal function, but some patients do not tolerate this regimen because of side effects. Further studies are needed to assess the role of mTOR inhibitors in the long-term.
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PMID:The pros and the cons of mTOR inhibitors in kidney transplantation. 2437 8