Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nicotinic acid is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that has been shown, in high doses, to lower total plasma cholesterol (C), LDL-C, and VLDL-triglycerides (Tg), while raising HDL-C in patients with type II, III, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it appears to lower the production of VLDL in the liver while activating lipoprotein lipase. The drug may also influence the metabolism of HDL-C. The drug is a second or third choice for isolated hypercholesterolemia because of a high incidence of side effects. However, it has a therapeutic advantage as a monotherapy when reduction of both LDL-C and triglycerides are needed in patients with severe combined hyperlipidemia. The drug can be used in combination with other cholesterol-lowering agents to maximize lipid-lowering activity. Nicotinic acid has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular morbidity in clinical trials.
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PMID:Nicotinic acid for the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia. 189 60

Hyperlipemic serum and plasma samples often are received by clinical laboratories for endocrinologic analysis by radioimmunoassay. We designed a study to determine what effect, if any, hyperlipemia has on estimation of lipid-soluble hormone concentrations determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassays. Progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol concentrations were determined in canine plasma and serum with various degrees of lipemia. Samples of serum, heparinized plasma, and EDTA-treated plasma were obtained from blood collected from 4 female and 4 male Beagles by use of evacuated tubes. To induce hyperlipemia in vitro, IV fat emulsion was diluted in deionized water to produce 0 (water only), 33, 67, or 100% mixtures. Twenty microliters of each mixture then was added to the subsamples of serum and plasma from each dog. Hormone concentrations were determined, using validated radioimmunoassays. Triglyceride concentrations were determined by enzymatic assay. Addition of IV fat emulsion in vitro was an accurate and reproducible means of altering triglyceride concentrations in the samples. Triglyceride concentrations as high as 700 mg/dl had no effect on radioimmunoassays for progesterone, testosterone, and thyroxine in serum, heparinized plasma, or EDTA-treated plasma. Addition of 100% (but not 33 or 67%) fat emulsion reduced the mean cortisol concentration in heparinized plasma by 12% (P less than 0.05). This severe hyperlipemia did not affect quantification of cortisol in serum or EDTA-treated plasma.
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PMID:Effects of hyperlipemia on radioimmunoassays for progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol in serum and plasma samples from dogs. 195 39

Prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to 6.72 ppb of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan induced disturbances in the blood and organ chemistry values of a common fish, Barbus conchonius. In blood the total lipids, cholesterol, and proteins were decreased in comparison to unexposed controls, while the free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, total phosphorus, and lactate were increased. Total lipids, FFA, and proteins were augmented in liver; cholesterol, in liver and ovary; and phosphorus and glycogen, in skeletal muscles. Compared to the controls, a decrease was seen in the total lipids (skeletal muscles and ovary), glycogen (liver, brain, and heart), and cholesterol (testes). Hyperlipemia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperlactemia persisted during a recovery period of 1 week in clean water following endosulfan poisoning.
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PMID:Effects of endosulfan on the blood and organ chemistry of freshwater fish, Barbus conchonius Hamilton. 206 Apr 89

The development of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for electrolyte measurements necessitates a re-evaluation of the biological and clinical interpretation of a result. In pathological situations (e.g., hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia) direct potentiometry is the method of choice for ion measurements in blood. However, the "plasma water effect" exists also in normal samples, requiring new reference values for physiological ranges. A compromise between medical and instrumentation workers retained the old reference values (flame photometry for Na+ and K+) by introducing correction factors into the ISE instruments, so that the results for direct ISE and flame photometry are the same for "normal" samples. Analyses of "abnormal" samples will reveal biases between the two methods. Now, a new generation of electrodes for assaying additional metabolites reopens the issue. Although classical methods measure a quantity of substance in a predetermined volume of sample, the majority of the substance is usually in the aqueous phase, and the volumes occupied by lipid and protein are not taken into consideration. In evaluating the NOVA 12 instrument (NOVA Biomedical), using electrodes for direct measurement in serum or plasma of Na, K, Cl, total CO2, urea, and glucose, we have demonstrated the inadequacy of classical measurements of urea and glucose, especially in pathological situations characterized by a large variation in the plasma water fraction.
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PMID:Electrode measurement of glucose and urea in undiluted samples. 220 6

The pathophysiology of the nephrotic syndrome (NS), characterized by protenuria, edema, sodium retention and hyperlipidemia, is not clear. We studied the role of some systemic factors on sodium retention in an experimental model of NS. NS was induced in rats by a single subcutaneous injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PA) (15 mg/100 g); control animals received vehicle. All rats were kept in metabolic cages for 24 days (3 days before and 21 days after PA-injection). Urine was collected daily. Blood samples were obtained every day until day 10, and then every other day up to the end of the study. The rats showed the following alterations after PA injection: a) a rise in serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity (ACEA) and plasma aldosterone (PAldo) at day 1; b) a rise in urinary aldosterone (UAaldoV), azotemia and sodium retention at day 2; c) massive proteinuria (UProt) and decrease in plasma angiotensinogen concentration (PAC) at day 4; d) increases in plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and serum creatinine as well as hypoproteinemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, ascitis and edema at day 5; e) increase in urine volume at day 6. PAldo became normal at day 7; urine sodium (UNaV), PRA and PRC at day 8; UAldoV at day 9; serum urea and ACEA at day 10; urinary volume at day 11; PAC, serum total protein and creatinine at day 12. The edema disappeared at day 11. UProt, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia persisted, though they decreased substantially by the end of the study (day 21). Light microscopy studies revealed normal glomerular morphology, but electron microscopy showed fusion of podocytes before proteinuria. These data suggest that: a) sodium retention was not a consequence of proteinuria or hypoproteinemia; b) sodium retention seems non-related to renin secretion, but may be partially mediated by a fall in glomerular filtration rate or by an increased tubular resabsorption secondary to other factors; c) the increase in PAldo, UAldoV and ACEA are non-related to renin secretion: all occurred before PRA rose; d) water retention, increase in PRA and PRC, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are secondary to the hypoproteinemia.
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PMID:Pathophysiology of experimental nephrotic syndrome induced by puromycin aminonucleoside in rats. I. The role of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on sodium retention. 223 72

It has been shown that low-density plasma lipoproteins in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertriglyceridemia are heavier in density, smaller in size, more negatively charged and more inclined to peroxide modification and aggregation than in healthy persons. The protein in the composition of such lipoproteins deviates towards the water phase, which may result in the masking of the domen, recognized by the BE-receptor and may lead to hyperlipidemia of a retaining character.
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PMID:[Properties of plasma low density lipoproteins in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and ischemic heart disease]. 239 21

Studies were made on the diabetic state and the pathogenesis of myocardial disorders in KK mice with the following results: (1) KK mice showed glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia; (2) their electrocardiograms (ECGs) showed a marked left-axis deviation of the QRS vector; (3) they showed epicardial calcification and myocardial disorders; (4) the Ca content of their myocardiums was much higher, and the Mg contents in the erythrocytes and myocardiums were much lower than those of control mice; (5) the addition of Mg to the drinking water of KK mice normalized these changes, and suppressed their myocardial disorders, but did not normalize their ECG changes. These results suggested that Mg deficiency plays an important role in the development of myocardial disorders in KK mice.
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PMID:Myocardial disorders caused by magnesium deficiency in diabetic KK mice. 261 21

The serum sodium concentration reflects the osmolality of the extracellular fluid and provides no direct information about total body sodium content. Patients with hyponatremia may have decreased, normal, or increased total body sodium content. The first step in the approach to the patient with hyponatremia is measurement of plasma osmolality. Hyponatremia with normal plasma osmolality results from hyperlipemia or hyperproteinemia whereas hyponatremia with increased plasma osmolality results from hyperglycemia or mannitol infusion. Patients with hyponatremia and decreased plasma osmolality may be hypovolemic, hypervolemic, or normovolemic. The volume status of the patient is best determined by history, physical examination, and a few ancillary tests (e.g., total plasma protein concentration, hematocrit, blood pressure, central venous pressure). The clinical signs of hyponatremia are related more to the rapidity of onset than to the severity of the associated plasma hypoosmolality and reflect influx of water into the central nervous system. The main goals of treatment in hyponatremia are to manage the underlying disease and, if necessary, to increase serum sodium concentration and plasma osmolality.
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PMID:Hyponatremia. 264 63

The administration of a single injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produces a variety of acute and sustained biological effects, including hyperlipidemia, stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis, decreases in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, and anorexia with weight loss. Chronic administration of a fixed dose of TNF produces tachyphylaxis to the anorectic/cachectic effects of TNF. We now report that the hyperlipidemic effect of TNF persists during chronic TNF administration in the absence of any cachectic effect of TNF. Sprague-Dawley rats injected with TNF (250 micrograms/kg) show a significant decrease in weight over the next 24 h which can be accounted for by decreases in food and water intake accompanied by an increase in urine output. With subsequent daily injections of TNF, treated rats begin eating and rapidly regain weight. Hypertriglyceridemia persists for up to 10 days of daily injections of TNF. After three daily injections of TNF, no decreases were seen in lipoprotein lipase activity in a wide variety of tissues. De novo hepatic lipogenesis remained increased in TNF-treated animals after four daily injections, but by the fifth day hepatic lipogenesis returned to normal. After 5 days of TNF treatment the acute incorporation of labeled glycerol into serum triglycerides remained elevated. These data indicate that hyperlipidemia persists during multiple daily injections of TNF and that TNF induced hypertriglyceridemia is not inevitably linked to the syndrome of cachexia.
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PMID:Persistence of the hypertriglyceridemic effect of tumor necrosis factor despite development of tachyphylaxis to its anorectic/cachectic effects in rats. 271 42

To summarize, patients with the "beer potomania" syndrome are characterized by 1) a history of chronic alcohol ingestion (in a hypotonic form); 2) protein malnutrition; 3) signs, symptoms and laboratory values consistent with water intoxication, including hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia and, usually, hypokalaemia; 4) no evidence of another cause of hyponatraemia such as steroid use, diuretic use, hyperlipidaemia, etc. The pathophysiology involves the inability to excrete sufficient free water, based on a loss of normal renal urea gradients. Patients may actually be total-body sodium depleted, yet have elevated urinary sodium and fractional sodium excretion due to this disorder of water metabolism. Attention to proper nutrition during the acute illness may obviate the need for potentially hazardous administration of hypertonic saline.
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PMID:Beer potomania syndrome in an alcoholic. 276 35


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