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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of the highest priority for preventive medicine in Europe is to achieve a major reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) and other manifestations of atherosclerosis. To this end a policy based upon reduction of risk factors has been formulated by experts from 19 countries: it employs complementary strategies directed to CHD-prone populations as a whole and to individuals at particular risk. The population strategy includes improved nutrition, avoidance of smoking, blood pressure reduction and promotion of suitable exercise. These should be based upon health education for all age groups and actions by governmental and supranational agencies (including implementation of food labelling, smoking control measures and wide provision of exercise facilities). Only measures directed to the population can reach the large proportion of people at mild to moderate risk of CHD. To provide care for individuals at particular risk of CHD, case finding requires that risk factor assessment, including measurement of plasma cholesterol and blood pressure, be included in full medical examinations. The relative merits of other modes of case finding, including selective screening and general screening, are discussed. Decisions concerning management of elevated lipid levels should be influenced by overall cardiovascular risk, by a family history of CHD and by age. Lipid lowering dietary and drug therapy should take these variables into account in addition to the extent and type of the hyperlipidaemia. Cholesterol levels exceeding about 5.2 mmol l-1 (200 mg dl-1) deserve consideration, and the goal of therapy should be to reduce levels towards this value. For most persons with levels of 5.2-6.5 mmol l-1 (200-250 mg dl-1) dietary advice and correction of other risk factors are appropriate, i.e. management comprises reinforcement of population strategy. Dietary recommendations for the control of hyperlipidaemia are reviewed, and indications for drug therapy are presented. Non-pharmacological methods for reducing mildly elevated blood pressure are discussed, and reduction of CHD risk in diabetes is reviewed. Implementation of these recommendations will be furthered by their endorsement by cardiologists and other physicians.
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PMID:Strategies for the prevention of coronary heart disease: a policy statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. 381 42

Weanling male Hartley guinea pigs were fed for 6 weeks on a regular chow supplemented with 5% polyunsaturated fats (safflower, linseed, or evening primrose oil) or 5% saturated fats (hydrogenated coconut oil) with or without the addition of 1% cholesterol to the diet. Cholesterol feeding resulted in slower growth, hyperlipidemia, and a fatty liver. Cholesterol contents (predominantly in the form of cholesterol esters) in plasma and liver were increased, but the increase of plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced when unsaturated fats in place of saturated fat were added to the diet. The essential fatty acid contents in plasma and liver lipids were modulated by the dietary fats and by the cholesterol feeding. The latter reduced the proportions of 20:4 (n-6), but increased or had no effect on the levels of 18:2 (n-6). These results led to a reduced ratio of 20:4 (n-6)/18:2 (n-6), suggesting that cholesterol feeding may impair the desaturase activities.
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PMID:Effect of dietary cholesterol and polyunsaturated fats on plasma and liver lipids in guinea pigs. 382 3

The major atherosclerosis risk factors hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cigarette smoking are examined along with blood vessel anatomy, hemodynamics, histopathology and known experimental results. A common factor of blood vessel hypoxia, specifically endothelial and intimal hypoxia, is shown to exist. Arguments are presented suggesting endothelial hypoxia as the commonest initiating event for atherosclerosis. Cholesterol appears to be a secondary and opportunistic villain. Explanations are given for the lack of increased atherosclerosis risk in familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type I hyperlipoproteinemia) and for the increased incidence and severity of atherosclerosis in the human abdominal aorta in comparison with the thoracic aorta. It is suggested that effective prevention of atherosclerosis can be accomplished by lowering blood pressure and blood glucose, among others, even though these may be within acceptable normal limits. Suggestions are given for experiments to test the hypothesis of hypoxia being the major initiating factor in atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Mechanisms of atherogenesis: endothelial hypoxia proposed as the major initiator. 385 84

Adriamycin, an anticancer drug, caused dramatic increases in the serum lipid levels of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Male Lewis inbred rats were fed a basal or 1.5% cholesterol diet containing 0.5% cholic acid for 8 weeks. The rats were injected with adriamycin in doses of 1.5 mg/kg body weight, twice a week, and 6.0 mg/kg body weight, every other week. The serum lipid peroxide level gradually rose in adriamycin-treated rats, reaching a four-fold level at the end of the experiment. Cholesterol feeding, however, had a lowering effect on the lipid peroxide level. Adriamycin treatment or cholesterol feeding moderately elevated serum lipid levels, but their combination exerted a synergistic effect. In rats injected with a large dose of adriamycin and fed a high-cholesterol diet, the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels strikingly increased by approx. 2000, 1500 and 1300 mg/100 ml, respectively. However, the ester ratio of cholesterol remained almost constant. Furthermore, serum GOT, GPT and ALP activities were only slightly different from the control values. Adriamycin treatment produced severe hypoalbuminemia. Ascites was also observed in rats given a large dose of adriamycin. The present findings indicate that the hyperlipidemia we observed may basically result from adriamycin-induced nephrosis and can be markedly enhanced when rats are fed a high-cholesterol diet. In spite of remarkably high levels of serum lipids and lipid peroxides, the aortic cholesterol level increased only slightly.
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PMID:Hyperlipidemic effects of adriamycin in rats. 409 81

In recent times, increasing attention has been focused on serum lipid levels as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. With an extremely large data base available at Metpath clinical laboratory--more than 3 million cholesterol and triglyceride determinations, and over 500,000 high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol analyses performed yearly on ambulatory asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals seen by primary care office-based physicians in the United States--an investigation was undertaken to provide a clear indication of the actual prevalence of hyperlipidemia in this country. All lipid measurements were performed routinely by standard automated procedures at one laboratory site, and the test results were analyzed statistically. Computer analysis clearly shows that hyperlipidemia is the most prevalent disorder detected in samples sent to this laboratory. According to the American Heart Association's criterion for elevated cholesterol levels (260 mg/dl and above), our figures show that 41.6 percent of females and 34.2 percent of males tested in the United States are hypercholesterolemic. Cholesterol levels were observed to rise steadily after the age of 20 and to decline after age 60 in men and age 70 in women. Similar analysis for HDL cholesterol shows that 12.2 percent of men and 4.2 percent of women over 49 years of age have HDL cholesterol levels below 35 mg/dl, which, according to the guidelines from the Framingham Heart Study, would be classified as being at high risk for coronary heart disease. The mean HDL cholesterol level was about 10 mg/dl higher in women of all ages than in men of all ages. Diagnostic approaches to hyperlipidemia and clinical implications are discussed, and a guide for predicting the risk of coronary heart disease is provided.
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PMID:Prevalence of hyperlipidemia in a large sample population. 617 56

1. A relationship is established between different doses of intraperitoneally injected streptozotocin (SZ) and the degree of hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia. 2. Changes in serum level of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and NEFA were determined after intraperitoneal administration of three different doses (55 mg, 85 mg and 125 mg/kg body weight) of SZ. Cholesterol level was significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated after 72 hrs only in the animals which received 85 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg SZ. 3. Dose dependent changes in NEFA and triglycerides could be observed after 24 hrs of SZ administration. 4. Diabetic animals consistently showed triphasic blood sugar response, initial hyperglycemia at 5-7 hrs, profound hypoglycemia in between 8-12 hrs and finally an irreversible hyperglycemic state by 24 hrs and onwards. 5. Liver and muscle glycogen were continuously decreased except a significant rise at 12 hrs coinciding with hypoglycemic phase. During the experimental period SZ treated rats continuously lost weight, while control animals progressively gained weight. In summary these changes indicated that diabetogenicity is dose dependent and the severity can be judged by elevated lipid metabolites.
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PMID:Dose dependent alteration in lipid and carbohydrate metabolites in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. 621 69

Seventeen adults and 11 children, a group of 18 familial hypercholesterolemic (FHC) and 10 normal subjects, were fed products with and without locust bean gum (LBG) (8 to 30 g/day) to assess the hypolipidemic effect of LBG. Identical food products with and without LBG were consumed by two groups (A and B) of arbitrarily assigned patients using a cross-over design. Plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured at 2-wk intervals and compared to control feeding periods. In group A, FHC C decreased 10% and LDL-C 11%, normal subjects decreased C 6% and LDL-C 10% (p less than 0.001). In group B, FHC C decreased 17% and LDL-C 19%, normal subjects decreased cholesterol 11%, and LDL-C 6% (p less than 0.001). Cholesterol and LDL-C were lowered in FHC children in both groups. High-density lipoprotein/LDL ratios increased in both groups. The use of food products with LBG in children and adults is a unique approach to treating FHC. LBG food acceptance was good, and there were no significant side effects. LBG in food products appears to be an effective, safe approach to controlling hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:The hypolipidemic effect of locust bean gum food products in familial hypercholesterolemic adults and children. 630 96

Fifty subjects with peripheral vascular disease were randomly assigned to either the American Heart Association Hyperlipidemia Diet C (AHA, N = 23) or a higher fiber, low fat diet based on the Pritikin maintenance diet (HFD, N = 27) and studied for a 12-month period. Diet counseling was provided, and the subjects were encouraged to exercise regularly, to decrease their consumption of salt, alcohol, and caffeine, and to restrict cigarettes as much as possible. Dietary intake data showed that energy distribution was approximately 49% and 64% carbohydrate, 20% and 22% protein, and 31% and 14% fat for the AHA and HFD groups, respectively. Cholesterol and dietary fiber intakes averaged 201 mg and 23 gm per day, respectively, for the AHA group and 108 mg and 43 gm per day, respectively, for the HFD group. Generally, both groups showed tendencies toward decreased serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol. The HFD group achieved a significant decrease in serum cholesterol (at month 12) (p less than .01). The only significant between-group difference was in serum cholesterol at 4 months (p less than .01), with the lower value in the HFD group. There was a consistent negative correlation between dietary fiber and serum cholesterol levels (p less than .01). Average weight loss was 4.1 kg for the AHA group and 6 kg for the HFD group. We concluded that both dietary regimens, combined with exercise, can be of benefit to patients with peripheral vascular disease.
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PMID:Effects of two "lipid-lowering" diets on plasma lipid levels of patients with peripheral vascular disease. 632 25

The effect of dietary therapy on the serum lipid profile was examined in 32 post-transplant patients. Patients were transplanted more than 4 months before the study and had stable renal function and no other condition affecting lipid metabolism. Serum lipid profiles were determined on two serum samples obtained after a 12-hour fast. Seventeen patients who had pre-transplant hyperlipidemia (HLP) had similar HLP after transplantation. Of the 14 patients with normal pre-transplant profiles, 9 remained normal and 5 developed HLP. Twelve patients with HLP received out-patient dietary therapy providing less than 500 mg of cholesterol, less than 35% of calories from fat, less than 50% of calories from carbohydrate, and a P:S ratio greater than 1. Maintenance calories were based on the Harris-Benedict standard except for 9 overweight patients who were given less. After 3 months of therapy, serum cholesterol and triglycerides decreased to normal in 8 of 9 patients in whom both were elevated before dietary treatment and were unchanged in one patient. In 3 patients who had normal triglyceride but elevated cholesterol levels before therapy, cholesterol decreased but remained above normal; triglyceride increased in one patient and remained normal in two. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased in all 12 patients and became normal in 11. Body weight fell in 11 of 12 patients receiving dietary therapy. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-C remained unchanged in 11 patients who did not undergo dietary treatment. Dietary therapy is a safe and effective way to treat post-transplant HLP.
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PMID:Patient profile and effect of dietary therapy on post-transplant hyperlipidemia. 637 13

Lipoprotein concentration and composition before and after Intralipid infusion were investigated in seven adult surgical patients receiving continuous total parenteral nutrition. Plasma samples were obtained prior to parenteral alimentation, after 7 days of glucose/amino acid solution without Intralipid, and again following 5 days of daily Intralipid. Cholesterol, triglyceride, protein, and phospholipid concentrations were determined on very low-, low-, and high-density lipoprotein from each specimen. After Intralipid very low-density lipoprotein concentration fell to 29% (p less than 0.015) of pre-Intralipid levels. There was no substantial increase in low-density lipoprotein phospholipid post-Intralipid to suggest the presence of lipoprotein-X. Plasma total triglyceride levels declined by 33% after Intralipid (p less than 0.01) and plasma total cholesterol levels rose by 40% (p less than 0.02). In our patients, in whom metabolic mechanisms were not saturated, it would appear that Intralipid was metabolized by activated lipoprotein lipase pathways, without the appearance of hyperlipidemia or abnormal lipoproteins.
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PMID:Human plasma lipoproteins and total parenteral nutrition with intravenous fat emulsion. 643 30


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