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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The character of hyperlipidemia was studied in rats with chronic uremia induced by subtotal nephrectomy--5/6 of the renal tissue was removed. 13 to 30 weeks after this operation the blood serum cholesterol and phospholipid concentration almost doubled. Hyperlipidemia was more pronounced in rats with high azotemia (blood urea nitrogen--BUN). No elevation of serum tryglycerides occurred. Total serum beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins determined nephelometrically increased significantly only with the BUN level of over 80 mg%. Lipoprotein disc electrophoresis of the serum in rats with uremia demonstrated a distinct rise of alpha-lipoproteins and a slight--of beta-lipoproteins; postheparin lipolytic activity of the plasma was normal. Experimental rats displayed massive proteinuria, but hypoproteinuria was insignificant.
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PMID:[Hyperlipidemia in rats with chronic renal failure]. 20 85

Available clinical evidence indicates a high prevalence of hyperuricemia in patients with essential hypertension; this becomes accentuated with diuretic therapy. Since there is an association of hyperlipidemia with hyperuricuria and hypertension and since hyperuricemia is a feature of diuretic therapy, we explored whether these relationships might be provoked by prolonged diuretic therapy. Eighteen male patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension of mild severity were treated for 9 months with hydrochlorothiazide and supplemental potassium chloride, 100 mg and 45 mEq/day, respectively. Arterial pressure, renal function, and serum electrolyte, uric acid, blood glucose, and lipid concentrations were measured several times before and during therapy. Arterial pressure remained significantly reduced during therapy (P less than 0.001); this was associated with reduced serum potassium (P less than 0.01) and increased blood glucose and serum uric acid concentrations (P less than 0.005, P less than .025, respectively). Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, sodium, cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not significantly change with treatment. Thus, although diuretics increase serum uric acid and blood glucose, their effect on serum lipid concentration is negligible.
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PMID:Effects of diuretics on lipid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. 107 5

The nephrotic syndrome is often accompanied by hyperlipidemia associated with an increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of pravastatin, a novel competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, on the serum lipids and apolipoproteins in patients with this syndrome and marked hyperlipidemia. Eleven adult patients received 10 mg of pravastatin twice daily for 4 to 8 weeks. The total serum cholesterol decreased from 426 +/- 44 to 309 +/- 18 mg/dl (-27.4%, mean +/- S.E.; p less than 0.01) following administration of pravastatin. The serum triglyceride decreased from 332 +/- 122 to 229 +/- 50 mg/dl (-30.9%), although this change was not significant. Despite the fact that the HDL cholesterol level was barely changed (51 +/- 7 to 51 +/- 6 mg/dl), the LDL cholesterol fell from 313 +/- 30 to 211 +/- 16 mg/dl (-32.5%; p less than 0.005), and the LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio fell from 7.57 +/- 1.59 to 4.94 +/- 0.88 (-34.8%; p less than 0.05). These changes caused the atherogenic index to decline from 9.6 +/- 2.4 to 6.1 +/- 1.2 (-36.5%; p less than 0.05). No significant alterations could be found among apolipoproteins A-1, A-2, B, C-2, C-3, and E. During the present study period, pravastatin was well tolerated and did not affect the serum protein, albumin, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine levels, or urine protein excretion. Also, there were no serious adverse effects. Pravastatin appears to be effective for treating patients with hyperlipidemia of the nephrotic syndrome.
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PMID:Effects of pravastatin on serum lipids and apolipoproteins in hyperlipidemia of the nephrotic syndrome. 163 84

The ideal energy substrate for critically ill patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) remains controversial. While glucose has been proved to have nitrogen sparing properties in postoperative patients, critically ill patients tolerate glucose loads poorly and fat appears to be an obligatory fuel in sepsis. Furthermore, it is not yet certain whether the changes in whole body protein metabolism induced by critical illness are influenced by the nature of the TPN provided. This study was conducted on patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) who fulfilled the criteria of requiring TPN and mechanical ventilation for at least four days. Patients were randomized to receive either glucose (G) or equicaloric proportions of glucose and lipid (GF) as an intravenous energy source. TPN was commenced early, within 24-48 hr of trauma or surgery and admission to the ICU. Nonprotein calorie intake was 125% of calculated basal energy expenditure. Nitrogen balance was calculated from 24-hr urinary urea excretion. Protein synthesis, turnover, and catabolism were measured on Day 4 of the study using an established radiolabeled C14-leucine technique. Degree of sepsis and illness were calculated using published scores. Fifty patients entered the trial but 32 were excluded by Day 4. Of the 18 patients completing an initial four day study, eight went on to complete a second study on the alternative regimen--a total of 26 studies (14 G, 12 GF). Net protein synthesis was achieved in 18 studies (12 G, 6 FG) and positive nitrogen balance by Day 4 in 22 studies. Four patients on the G regimen were withdrawn due to glucose intolerance while none of the patients on GF developed glucose intolerance or hyperlipidaemia. Both whole body protein synthesis and catabolism correlated significantly with degree of sepsis. The type of TPN fuel used, G and GF, did not appear to influence whole body protein dynamics, both regimens achieving greatly improved whole body protein kinetics.
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PMID:The effect of fuel source on amino acid metabolism in critically ill patients. 174 Sep 40

Hyperlipidemia associated with nephrotic syndrome was treated with probucol and the changes in plasma lipoprotein lipid concentration and urinary protein excretion were examined in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic rats. Rats made nephrotic exhibited severe hyperlipidemia with increases in all major lipoprotein fractions. Probucol treatment of nephrotic rats significantly lowered plasma triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Ch) phospholipid (PL) and apoprotein B associated with very-low-density and low-density lipoprotein and Ch and PL in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Malondialdehyde (MDA) associated with the lipoproteins was significantly elevated in nephrotic rats and probucol treatment also lowered MDA concentration in all major lipoproteins. In control rats probucol moderately, but significantly, reduced plasma TG and HDL-Ch concentrations. Proteinuria associated with nephrosis was decreased significantly by treatment with probucol. Probucol treatment did not affect blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels. A significant positive correlation existed between the amount of protein excreted in urine and the plasma lipid concentrations in all nephrotic rats, suggesting that the hypolipidemic effect of probucol may attenuate proteinuria associated with nephrosis. These results suggest that probucol may be a favorable treatment for hyperlipidemia associated with nephrotic syndrome.
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PMID:The lowering effect of probucol on plasma lipoprotein and proteinuria in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic rats. 185 87

The effects of growth hormone (GH) on renal structure and function were investigated in rats aged 10-16 weeks bearing a tumour secreting GH. Body weight gain, food intake, urine volume, and urinary excretion of creatinine and urea nitrogen were significantly greater in tumour-bearing rats than in controls. The tumour-bearing rats presented progressive proteinuria, hyperproteinaemia, and hyperlipidaemia. Creatinine clearance was significantly higher in experimental animals during the early experimental stage, but decreased as the glomerular lesions progressed, associated with a rise in serum creatinine levels. The glomeruli became progressively enlarged with degenerative changes of the visceral epithelial cells and capsular adhesions. In advanced stages proteinaceous material invaded the subcapsular space and the capillary lumen collapsed finally leading to glomerulosclerosis. Except for the presence of proteinaceous material and damaged epithelial cells the glomerular lesions resemble those observed experimentally after reduction of renal mass, and in diabetes mellitus. We speculate that the pathological features described are due to effects of persistently high levels of circulating GH on the glomerular cells.
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PMID:Renal pathology in rats bearing tumour-secreting growth hormone. 191 Nov 34

Adjuvant arthritic rats received either hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) alone, prednisone (PR) alone, both drugs, or vehicle. HCT combined with PR enhanced the extent of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and elevation of serum urea concentration and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity observed when either drug was given alone. These results suggest that administration of thiazide diuretics to treat edema encountered during anti-inflammatory steroid therapy may increase the risk of diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and certain thrombotic disorders. HCT did not reduce the anti-inflammatory activity of PR.
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PMID:Enhanced diabetogenic effects of combined treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and prednisone in adjuvant arthritic rats. 205 24

The effect of lovastatin on the hyperlipidemia induced in rats with experimental nephrotic syndrome was investigated; toxicity and the effects on common blood chemistry parameters were also assessed. Hyperlipoproteinemia in this particular model is associated with an increase in hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins, and treatment with lovastatin could be the most suitable, since the drug inhibits cellular cholesterol synthesis. Lovastatin treatment resulted in a considerable reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The decrease in cholesterol levels with treatment was mainly confined to the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) although there was a reduction in the nephrotic-syndrome-induced incremental level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Other lipoprotein fractions were unaffected by lovastatin. LDL apoprotein B was increased in both groups of rats, but to a lesser degree in the lovastatin-treated group, suggesting a double effect, inhibition of both, cholesterol and apoprotein synthesis. Both groups of rats showed a certain degree of renal impairment as shown by significant elevations in plasma urea and creatinine levels. Hepatic damage was also observed, chemically and microscopically, in both groups of rats, being more pronounced in those rats treated with lovastatin in which a 50% mortality ensued after 2 weeks of treatment. At the dosage used this may have some implications in its therapeutic use in certain conditions.
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PMID:Toxicity of lovastatin in rats with experimentally induced nephrotic syndrome. 207 99

The authors report the case of a 18 year old man with a chronic corticosteroid-refractory nephrotic syndrome complicated by carotid artery thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Thromboembolism is one of the most serious complications of the nephrotic syndrome. Serious clotting factor disturbances are observed: changes in platelet function (hyperaggregability) increased plasma zymogens and cofactors, increased plasma fibrinogen, abnormalities of the fibrinolytic system and acquired deficiencies of coagulation inhibitors. The respective role of each of these abnormalities have not been clearly established, but it is likely that increased platelet aggregation and antithrombin III deficiency are important factors in producing a hypercoagulable state in the nephrotic syndrome. Hyperlipidemia is also a characteristic feature of the nephrotic syndrome: these is a wide spectrum of lipoprotein patterns with increased low density lipoproteins (LDL) or very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or both; contradictory results have been reported with respect to the high density lipoproteins (HDL): decreased, normal or even increased plasma levels have been observed. In addition, changes in the distribution and composition of LDL and VLDL subclasses have been detected. Most of these changes have an atherogenic potential but controversy still surrounds the question of the prevalence of ischaemic heart disease in the nephrotic syndrome; it is unlikely that nephrotic syndromes of short duration have any influence on the incidence of coronary events, but patients with chronic heavy protein urea and long-term exposure to abnormalities of haemostasis and lipid profiles appear to have a significant risk of developing cardiovascular disease and may require long-term anticoagulant therapy.
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PMID:[Carotid artery thrombosis and myocardial infarction in nephrotic syndrome]. 210 97

The development of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for electrolyte measurements necessitates a re-evaluation of the biological and clinical interpretation of a result. In pathological situations (e.g., hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia) direct potentiometry is the method of choice for ion measurements in blood. However, the "plasma water effect" exists also in normal samples, requiring new reference values for physiological ranges. A compromise between medical and instrumentation workers retained the old reference values (flame photometry for Na+ and K+) by introducing correction factors into the ISE instruments, so that the results for direct ISE and flame photometry are the same for "normal" samples. Analyses of "abnormal" samples will reveal biases between the two methods. Now, a new generation of electrodes for assaying additional metabolites reopens the issue. Although classical methods measure a quantity of substance in a predetermined volume of sample, the majority of the substance is usually in the aqueous phase, and the volumes occupied by lipid and protein are not taken into consideration. In evaluating the NOVA 12 instrument (NOVA Biomedical), using electrodes for direct measurement in serum or plasma of Na, K, Cl, total CO2, urea, and glucose, we have demonstrated the inadequacy of classical measurements of urea and glucose, especially in pathological situations characterized by a large variation in the plasma water fraction.
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PMID:Electrode measurement of glucose and urea in undiluted samples. 220 6


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