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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Under certain circumstances the effect of insulin to promote glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is reduced because of a resistance to insulin action. This insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinaemia are now recognised as common background factors that may be responsible for hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, decreased thrombolysis and also impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Hyperinsulinaemia has also been identified as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and promotes smooth muscle cell growth and plaque formation. A series of studies have now demonstrated that treatment with selective beta-blockers as well as thiazide diuretics impair insulin sensitivity by 15-30% and causes a compensatory increase in insulin concentrations. Furthermore, lipoprotein concentrations are affected in an unfavourable way. This is in contrast to the drugs belonging to ACE-inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers and alpha 1-blocker classes that are either neutral or may have the opposite effects in these respects.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and cardiovascular drugs. 154 Oct 35

The aim of this study was to compare the causes of death and parameters related to alcohol consumption, between subjects diagnosed as diabetic, clinically by their general practitioner, or glucose intolerant and in particular as diabetic, using the epidemiological criteria of an abnormal glucose level following an oral glucose tolerance test. The subjects in this study were 7035 working men, aged between 44 and 55 years, who attended the first follow-up examination of the Paris Prospective Study, between 1968 and 1973. They were classified as 'clinically diagnosed diabetic' or, following an oral glucose tolerance test and the World Health Organisation criteria, as having 'oral glucose tolerance test diagnosed diabetes', impaired glucose tolerance or normoglycaemia. The relative risk of death by cirrhosis, in comparison with the normoglycaemic group, was 21 (95% confidence interval: 9.1-49) in the group diagnosed diabetic by the oral glucose tolerance test, significantly different (p less than 0.02) from the group diagnosed diabetic clinically 3.1 (0.41-24); factors indicative of excessive alcohol consumption at baseline differed accordingly. In contrast, the relative risks for death by coronary heart disease were similar, 2.1 (1.0-4.1) and 2.7 (1.4-5.4) respectively; all of the factors defining the insulin resistance 'Syndrome X' (hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and also central obesity) and predictive of coronary heart disease were elevated in both groups of diabetic subjects. 'Diabetes', as diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test, might be the consequence of excessive alcohol consumption which could lead to insulin resistance, then to coronary heart disease, as well as to alcohol-related diseases.
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PMID:Cardiovascular and alcohol-related deaths in abnormal glucose tolerant and diabetic subjects. 154 80

Male rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet or the same diet supplemented with either 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2% C for 21 days to investigate the effects of cholesterol on secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Cholesterol feeding increased plasma and hepatic concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and cholesteryl esters (CE) in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma VLDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL) lipids were elevated by cholesterol feeding, while the high density lipoprotein (HDL) lipids were reduced. The secretion of the VLDL by perfused livers from these cholesterol-fed rats was examined to establish the relationship between the accumulation of lipids in the liver and the concurrent hyperlipemia. Liver perfusions were carried out for 4 h with a medium containing bovine serum albumin (3% w/v), glucose (0.1% w/v), bovine erythrocytes (30% v/v), and a 10-mCi 3H2O initial pulse. Oleic acid was infused to maintain a concentration of 0.6 mM. Hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG, PL (phospholipid), free cholesterol (FC), and CE increased in proportion to dietary cholesterol and was maximal at 0.5% cholesterol in these experiments in which TG synthesis was stimulated by oleic acid. Secretion of VLDL protein and apoB by the perfused liver was also increased. The molar ratios of surface (sum of PL and cholesterol) to core (sum of TG and CE) lipid components of the secreted VLDL, regardless of cholesterol feeding, were the same, as were the mean diameters of the secreted particles. The molar ratios of surface to core lipid of VLDL isolated from the plasma also were not affected by cholesterol feeding. During perfusion with oleic acid of livers from the rats fed the higher levels of cholesterol, the hepatic concentration of CE decreased, while the level of TG was not changed. We conclude that the hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia that occur in vivo from cholesterol feeding, concurrent with accumulation of CE and TG in the liver, must result, in part, from increased hepatic secretion of all VLDL lipids and apoB. The VLDL particles produced by the liver of the cholesterol-fed rat are assembled without modification of the surface lipid ratios (PL/FC), but contain a greater proportion of cholesteryl esters compared to triglyceride in the core, because of the stimulated transport of CE from the expanded pool in the liver.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Regulation of hepatic secretion of very low density lipoprotein by dietary cholesterol. 156 71

The effects of feeding 2 or 10% fat on glucose tolerance, blood lipids, life span and tissue pathology of male BHE/cdb rats were studied. Six groups of 30 rats were fed from weaning diets containing 1% corn oil plus either 1 or 9% corn oil (CO diets). Animals that became ill and died were necropsied and their tissues were examined histologically. Glucose tolerance and blood lipids were determined at 300 and 600 d of age. At 300, 500, 600 and 700 d of age subsets of rats were killed and heart, aorta, lungs, liver, pancreas and kidneys collected for histological examination. The experiment was terminated at 700 d. Feeding the high level MO or BT diet delayed the development of glucose intolerance and lipemia. Longevity was shorter in the rats fed the high MO diet. There were few differences among the groups of rats fed the 2% fat diets with respect to glucose tolerance and lipemia. Glomerulosclerosis was observed in all rats but was more severe and appeared earlier in rats fed the high MO diet than in those fed the high CO or BT diets. In rats with severe renal lesions, mineralized foci were observed in soft tissue, notably the aorta and heart. The results of this study indicate that the source and amount of the dietary fat can influence age-related tissue changes and longevity.
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PMID:Life span is shortened in BHE/cdb rats fed a diet containing 9% menhaden oil and 1% corn oil. 158 49

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin interact with related receptors to lower plasma glucose and to exert mitogenic effects. Recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) was recently shown to decrease serum levels of insulin and C-peptide in fasted normal subjects without affecting plasma glucose levels. In this study we have investigated in six healthy volunteers the responses of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels to intravenous rhIGF-I infusions (7 and 14 micrograms/kg.h) during standard oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTT) and meal tolerance tests (MTT), respectively. Glucose tolerance remained unchanged during the rhIGF-I infusions in the face of lowered insulin and C-peptide levels. The decreased insulin/glucose-ratio presumably is caused by an enhanced tissue sensitivity to insulin. The lowered area under the insulin curve during oGTT and MTT as a result of the administration of rhIGF-I were related to the fasting insulin levels during saline infusion (oGTT: r = 0.825, P less than 0.05; MTT: r = 0.895, P less than 0.02). RhIGF-I, however, did not alter the ratio between C-peptide and insulin, suggesting that the metabolic clearance of endogenous insulin remained unchanged. In conclusion, rhIGF-I increased glucose disposal and directly suppressed insulin secretion. RhIGF-I probably increased insulin sensitivity as a result of decreased insulin levels and suppressed growth hormone secretion. RhIGF-I, therefore, may be therapeutically useful in insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:Effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and insulin secretion. 160 98

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor in coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke. However, there is no general agreement on the usefulness of systematic screening of patients with hyperlipidemia by stress exercise electrocardiogram (ECG). The feasibility of this approach would depend on selecting patients with a high risk of CHD, since the sensitivity and specificity of the test depends on the prevalence of the disease. In view of the association of CHD and ischemic stroke, we undertook a study to determine whether the presence of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries was predictive of a positive exercise ECG in a group of 778 asymptomatic patients referred to their hyperlipidemia. We a much higher percentage of positive exercise ECG in patients with carotid atherosclerosis in our ultrasonographic examinations. In a multiple regression analysis which included 13 parameters (age, sex, body mass index, arterial blood pressure, lipid parameters, serum level of glucose, smoking status and the severity of carotid lesions), the strongest predictors of a positive exercise ECG test were age (P = 0.014) and the degree of carotid atherosclerosis (P = 0.010). We therefore conclude that hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerotic lesions on carotid arteries would benefit most from screening by the exercise ECG.
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PMID:Carotid stenosis is a powerful predictor of a positive exercise electrocardiogram in a large hyperlipidemic population. 163 43

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were used to evaluate the effects of carbohydrate loading on plasma levels of pancreatic hormones and associated changes in metabolic indexes in a carnivorous fish. Glucose (3,000 mg/dl, 10 microliters/g body wt) was injected intraperitoneally into fish (mean wt 54 +/- 5 g) that were killed 0.5-24 h after administration. Glucose injection resulted in hyperglycemia with maximum glucose levels of 306 +/- 13 mg/dl observed 60 min after injection. Glucose administration also resulted in hyperlipidemia. Plasma fatty acids increased twofold in glucose-injected animals. Alterations in plasma metabolites reflected changes in energy stores. Although total lipid concentration was unaffected by glucose injection, lipolytic enzyme activity in the liver was enhanced. Biosynthetic capacity, as indicated by NADPH production from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, was decreased by glucose injection. Liver glycogen content was reduced in glucose-injected animals 1 h after injection. Glucose injection was attended by increases in the plasma levels of gene II somatostatin-25 (predominant form of pancreatic somatostatin in salmonids) and of glucagon. Insulin levels were initially suppressed after glucose injection. These results indicate that metabolic adjustments caused by glucose administration can be related to the regulatory action of pancreatic hormones. Furthermore, these results suggest that the somatostatin-secreting cells of the trout are sensitive to glucose and that somatostatin-suppressed insulin secretion contributes to the glucose intolerance of trout.
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PMID:Insulin suppression is associated with hypersomatostatinemia and hyperglucagonemia in glucose-injected rainbow trout. 167 8

Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes of administration for diabetics on CAPD were compared. The comparison included: (1) Control of blood glucose concentration: both methods can provide satisfactory glycemic control for most patients. Changing the method of insulin administration is warranted when one method fails. (2) Effect on plasma insulin levels: intraperitoneal administration can produce a plasma insulin profile similar to the normal profile. This is unusual with subcutaneous administration. Consequences of hyperinsulinemia (hyperlipidemia, hypertension) seem, however, to be similar between the two methods of insulin administration. (3) Effect on peritoneal permeability: permeability characteristics are maintained unchanged, usually, with either method after long-term CAPD. However, insulin is mitogenic in vitro. Theoretically, intraperitoneal insulin could lead to peritoneal fibrosis. (4) Effect on infectious complications of CAPD: a difference in the rate of peritonitis or overall PD catheter-related infections has not been convincingly demonstrated between the two methods of insulin administration. Exit site and tunnel infections with staphylococcus aureus may be more frequent in diabetics receiving insulin subcutaneously. (5) Effect on hepatic structure and function: subcapsular hepatic steatosis was described in diabetics receiving insulin intraperitoneally. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be demonstrated. We conclude that both methods can be applied for insulin administration in diabetics on CAPD. The intraperitoneal method should be tried first in most instances. Prospective studies comparing the two methods are needed.
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PMID:Subcutaneous versus intraperitoneal insulin in the management of diabetics on CAPD: a review. 168 Apr 63

The ability of sodium metavanadate to reverse the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozymes was examined in male rats. Streptozotocin caused P-450h levels to fall 95%, and P-450j and P-450b levels to rise 8- and 40-fold, respectively, after 1 week. When diabetic rats were administered metavanadate in the drinking water for 7 days, P-450h apoprotein and mRNA levels remained no different from those of untreated diabetic rats, whereas levels of P-450b and P-450j decreased toward those of control rats. Metavanadate also lowered serum triglyceride and 3-hydroxybutyrate levels without lowering serum glucose in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, P-450h mRNA levels correlated well with levels of P-450h apoprotein for all treatment groups, indicating that P-450h suppression in diabetic rats is under pretranslational control and is independent of the increased expressions of P-450j and P-450b, and of the hyperlipidemia and ketosis that occurs in diabetes. Vanadate is capable of separating the effects of diabetes on expression of individual P-450 isozymes.
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PMID:Effects of vanadate on hepatic cytochrome P-450 expression in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 169 38

Short- and long-term effects of hyperlipidemia with elevated FFA on insulin secretion were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum and additionally infused with Intralipid 10%, 1.0 ml/h. After 3 h of Intralipid the response to 27 mM glucose in isolated perfused pancreas was enhanced by 86%, P less than 0.02. After 6 h of Intralipid enhancement had subsided. After 48 h of Intralipid glucose-induced insulin release was inhibited by 49%, from 1950 +/- 177 microU/min after saline to 1003 +/- 232 microU/min after Intralipid, P less than 0.02. Inhibition was glucose-selective since responses to other secretagogues (1 mM 3-isobutyl-1 methylxanthine, 10 mM octanoate, or 5 mM alpha-ketoisocaproic acid) were unaffected as were pancreatic contents of insulin (2284 +/- 111 mU/pancreas after saline, 2566 +/- 131 mU/pancreas after Intralipid). In isolated islets from 48 h lipid infused rats production of [14-C]CO2 from D[U-14-C]glucose was decreased (P less than 0.02) in parallel with the insulin response to 27 mM glucose. Glucose-induced secretion was partially normalized by in vitro exposure to a carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I inhibitor (Etomoxir). Effects of a 48 h lipid infusion were also tested during hyperglycemia. Rats were infused with glucose, and hyperglycemia was enhanced by dexamethasone (25 micrograms/24 h). Hyperglycemia depressed glucose-induced secretion from perfused pancreas from 2072 +/- 22 microU/min after saline + dexamethasone to 1185 +/- 155 microU/min after glucose + dexamethasone, P less than 0.01). Intralipid, added to the latter protocol, further inhibited glucose-induced secretion to 437 +/- 87 microU/min, P less than 0.005. Hyperlipidemia is concluded to be associated with short term stimulation but long term inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Evidence indicates that inhibition depends on fatty acid oxidation, is coupled to decreased glucose oxidation and operates both during normo- and hyperglycemia.
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PMID:A 48-hour lipid infusion in the rat time-dependently inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and B cell oxidation through a process likely coupled to fatty acid oxidation. 169 43


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