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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Examination of glucose kinetics, pancreatic alpha and beta cell function, plasma lipids, urinary acidification and calcium excretion has been undertaken in a patient with hereditary fructose intolerance. This case was unusual as it was associated with insulin-requiring diabetes, type IV hyperlipemia, hypercalciuria and renal calculi. He also demonstrated the previously described fructose-induced defect of urine acidification. Glucagon and C-peptide assays showed that the pancreatic alpha cells were stimulated by fructose and that the beta cells did not respond to fructose. It is not known whether the latter was due to his diabetes or to the lack of a beta cell response to this sugar. Primed 14C-glucose infusions were used for the first time to study nonsteady state glucose kinetics in man. They showed that, 24 hours after the last insulin injection and under basal conditions, the glucose concentrations increased because glucose production exceeded glucose utilization. However, after the administration of sorbitol the plasma glucose concentration decreased because glucose production decreased. After the administration of sorbitol there was no change in the metabolic clearance of glucose. This reflects the lack of a peripheral insulin effect and is consistent with the lack of any measurable C-peptide. Glucose utilization also decreased, but this decrease was less than the decrease in glucose production. Because the metabolic clearance of glucose remained unchanged, it was concluded that the change in glucose utilization was solely due to the decrease in glucose concentration. The absence of C-peptide in the plasma indicated that changes in glucose turnover were not related to any changes in endogenous plasma insulin. Furthermore, the plasma glucagon concentration increased and, hence, changes in this hormone could not account for the decrease in glucose production. Therefore, it was concluded that the sorbitol-induced decline in glucose production was due to a direct effect on hepatic metabolism.
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PMID:Studies of glucose turnover and renal function in an unusual case of hereditary fructose intolerance. 1 54

In fed rats the mechanisms of the action of spiroperidol (SPI), chlorpromazine (CPZ), fluphenazine (FLU) and thioridazine (TRZ) blood glucose, liver glycogen, serum free fatty acids (FFA) and K ion levels were investigated. Phenothiazines induced significant hyperglycemic responses with concomitant increase in liver glycogen, elevation of serum FFA and hypokalemia. CPZ and FLU were the most potent and TRZ was least potent in inducing above mentioned metabolic responses, which were most pronounced in 4--6 hr. SPI produced significant hyperglycemia for sorter period of time with a subsequent decrease of liver glycogen. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine prevented neuroleptic-induced hyperglycemia, impaired the increase of liver glycogen, partially diminished hyperlipemia and did not substantially change hypokalema occuring following neuroleptics. Antagonist of beta-adrenergic receptor, propranolol did not practically influence metabolic responses to neuroleptics. Adrenalectomy impaired substantially but did not abolish neuroleptic-induced hyperglycemia, indicating that also extraadrenal mechanisma, conceivable impairing glucose utilization and metabolism, are responsible for hyperglycemia induced by neuroleptics. This experiments suggest that phenothiazines may induce hyperglycemic response by activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors by contrast to alpha-adrenertic blocking action of these drugs in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Effects of neuroleptics on blood glucose, free fatty acids and liver glycogen levels in the rat. 3 94

Many specific plasma proteins show dose-related changes when oral estrogens are administered. Large increases in concentration are seen in many important binding proteins, such as the sex hormone-binding globulin, transcortin, the retinol-binding protein, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. A smaller group of plasma proteins are reduced in amount. These changes are related to altered rates of hepatic synthesis and secretion. As the overall effect of estrogen is one of increased protein synthesis, there is a reduction in the amount of plasma-free amino acids and in the pattern of distribution. Oral contraceptive (OC) users frequently show significant alterations in biochemical tests of vitamin status, at least some of which are related to alterations in plasma proteins. Other biochemical changes associated with OC use include a fasting hyperlipidemia, due mainly to increases in triglycerides, although there is often also a small increase in cholesterol. These changes are due primarily to increases in several lipoprotein fractions and are related mainly to the estrogen component. A deterioration in glucose tolerance occurs in many OC users and is probably induced by both estrogens and progestogens. There is evidence that certain clinical side effects of OCs, such as depression, are associated with specific biochemical changes.
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PMID:Biochemical basis for the selection of oral contraceptives. 3 19

Serum-lipid concentrations and their relationship to blood-glucose and serum-insulin were examined in non-insulin-requiring diabetics, 62 with and 45 without retinopathy. The age, sex-body-weight, and duration of known diabetes was comparable in the two groups. All were treated by diet only or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Patients with retinopathy had higher fasting serumtriglyceride and serum--cholesterol levels than those without. Compared with a non-diabetic population, significantly more diabetics with retinopathy had raised derum-lipids. The lipid concentrations did not correlate with body-weight, serum-thyroid-stimulating-hormone levels, renal involvement, or fasting blood-sugar. While the blood-sugar concentrations were similiar in the two groups the absolute insulin increment and the relative insulin response to a 50 g. oral glucose load were significantly lower in those with retinopathy than in those without. The impairment of insulin response correlated significantly with the frequency of hyperlipidaemia. It is suggested that insulin deficiency with secondary hyperlipidaemia is characteristic of diabetic patients with retinopathy.
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PMID:Plasma-lipids and glucose/insulin relationship in non-insulin-requiring diabetics with and without retinopathy. 4 69

Both naturally occurring disease processes and experimental models of human disease in the Mongolian gerbil were reviewed. The gerbil was highly susceptible to cerebral infarction following unilateral ligation of one common carotid artery and was useful in studies of the pathogenesis of stroke. Spontaneous epileptiform seizures mimicked those of human idiopathic epilepsy, and both seizure-sensitive and resistant strains have been bred. Perhaps because of its more efficient nephron, the gerbil accumulated four to six times as much renal lead as the rat, and the gerbil has been proposed as an experimental model of lead nephropathy. On standard diets, about 10% of the animals became obese, and some showed decreased glucose tolerance, elevated serum immunoreactive insulin and diabetic changes in the pancreas and other organs. Some breeders exhibited hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and degenerative vascular disease. Although dietary supplements of cholesterol were toxic and did not induce atherosclerosis, the gerbil was useful in other studies of cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Spontaneous, insidious periodontal disease became evident after about 6 months on standard diets, and dental caries were induced by cariogenic diets or by pathodontic streptococci. Spontaneous neoplasia occurred in 8.4--24% of gerbils, usually after 2 years of life. Adrenal cortical, ovarian and cutaneous tumors were the most consistently reported neoplasms.
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PMID:The pathology of the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): a review. 9 95

In order to study hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus, rats were made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin and the optimal conditions for production of severe and persistent hyperlipoprotenemia determined. Two groups of rats were compared: rats fed sucrose-rich diets and rats fed laboratory chow. The optimal dose of streptozotocin was 45 mg/kg body weight for the sucrose-fed rats. With this dose, plasma glucose reached a maximum of over 600 mg/100 ml., and plasma insulin was reduced by 60 per cent. Plasma triglycerides rose in the sucrose-fed rats to over 1,000 mg/100 ml. two days after the streptozotocin was given and then decreased to over 770 mg./100 ml. 12 days after treatment and then to 585 mg./100 ml. 10 weeks after induction of diabetes. With this dose, ketonuria did not occur nor did any of the animals die, as occurred with higher doses. In the chow-fed rats, plasma triglyceride levels were elevated with the induction of diabetes to levels of approximately 300 mg./100 ml. The concentration of all the plasma lipoproteins increased with the induction of diabetes. The concentration of very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) protein in the sucrose-fed diabetic increased fivefold, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) protein increased, and especially striking was the increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protein concentration, which became more pronounced with the duration of the diabetes. The diabetes produced by streptozotocin administration to sucrose-fed rats, thus, provides a useful model for the study of the hyperlipoproteinemia of diabetes.
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PMID:Hyperlipoproteinemia in streptozotocin-treated rats. 13 80

The biological lipid levels and hyperglycaemia measured in patients of varying ages with retinal detachment have shown that:--in 59.7% there is a hyperlipaemia or hyperlipoproteinaemia. This is more usually a hyperpre-beta-lipoproteinaemia (37.1%);--in 32% a disturbance of lipid metabolism was associated with a disturbance of glucose metabolism: diabetes or a pre-diabetic state;--49% of patients affected with hyperlipidaemia present with a clinical vascular condition;--42% of all the patients present with a clinical vascular condition. The numbers are considerable and they show the frequency of atherogenic factors in retinal detachment.
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PMID:[The frequency of alterations of the lipid and hydrocarbon levels in retinal detachment]. 14 60

A clinical and laboratory examination of abnormalities not attributable to atherosclerosis has been performed on 188 male and 126 female adult subjects with hyperlipidaemia. The sample was recruited from 20000 subjects screened at a health control centre who had an initial serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride (TG) concentration above 350 mg/100 ml and 3.50 mmol/l. All were subjectively healthy and had no history of atherosclerotic disease. Known cases of secondary hyperlipidaemia were excluded. Lipoprotein (LP) analysis with preparative ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis was made on all subjects including control group with "nonelevated" serum lipids. Typing of hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) was performed according to the modified system of Fredrickson et al. Compared to controls, subjects who had elevated very low density ?LP (VLDL) (types II B, III, IV and V) were more obsese, while subjectI B and women with type IV HLP than in the control groups. Arcus corneae was seen in 29% of control groups. Arcus corneae was seen in 29% of controls and in higher frequencies in types II A and II B. A positive correlation existed between the frequency of arcus corneae and the mean low density LP cholesterol in the different types. Multiple tendon xanthomata (n equals 11) were found exclusively in type II A HLP, palmar xanthomata (n equals 3) only in the presence of floating beta-LP and eruptive xanthomata in one male with type V HLP. The mean ESR was increased in all types of HLP. The mean S-GPT and uric acid concentrations were higher in type IV HLP in both sexes than in the control groups. In men with type IV HLP S-GPT was positively correlated to tvldl tg. the uric acid level was correlated to both the VLDL TG concentration and body weight independently. Of the male subjects with HLP 1/3-1/2 had a diabetic or borderline i.v. glucose tolerance.
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PMID:Studies in asymptomatic primary hyperlipidaemia II. Clinical findings. 16 37

Among approximately 20,000 apparently healthy subjects whose serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) values were screened at a health examination, those with the most pronounced hyperlipidaemia have been selected for further studies. Thus, 188 males and 126 females, aged 30-65 years, with asymptomatic primary hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) and 59 male and 69 female controls with non-elevated serum lipids were studied with regard to frequency of ST segment depressions during exercise to near maximal heart rate. Furthermore, the concentrations of cholesterol and TG were determined in the lipoprotein (LP) classes very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density LP, separated by preparative ultracentrifugation. From the LP analysis each subject's HLP was classified according to the typing system of HLP recommended by the WHO. The frequency of ST depressions (Minnesota code 4.1-4.3 as well as 4.1-4.4) increased with age, was higher in females than in males and was increased in all types of HLP in males. The percentage frequencies of ST depressions 4.1-4.4 in the various types of HLP were (male/female, p against controls): controls 16/36, type IIA 50 (p less than 0.01)/56, type IIB 64 (p less than 0.01)/75 (p less than 0.01)/75 (p less than 0.05), type III 67 (p less than 0.01)/33 and type IV HLP 40 (p less than 0.01/53. There was no significant difference in the frequencies of ST depressions in subjects with "high" and "low" BP (hypertensives were excluded from the study) or in subjects with "high" and "low" k-value for the i.v. glucose tolerance. Non-smokers had a tendency to higher frequencies of ST depressions than smokers. The association between different LPs and other "risk factors" and the occurrence of ST depressions in HLP were studied further with multiple regression analysis. Invariably age was the best predictor of ST depressions. The LP fraction giving the highest correlation coefficient was LDL cholesterol in both sexes. VLDL TG and LDL TG were also positively and significantly associated with ST depressions. HDL cholesterol was negatively but insignificantly correlated to ST depressions. When age and LDL cholesterol had been entered into the multiple regression, the only factor giving further significance was VLDL TG in males. Probability tables for the occurrence of ST depressions considering age and different levels of LDL cholesterol and VLDL TG were given. The importance of simultaneous consideration of both VLDL TG and LDL cholesterol in ST segment depression was evident from the tables. Of other "risk factors" (BP, glucose tollerance, smoking, ESR) entered into the regression together with only age and the LPs, only ESR contributed with borderline significance to ST depressions.
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PMID:Studies in asymptomatic primary hyperlipidaemia. IV. ECG at rest and during exercise and its relation to various lipoprotein classes. 17 Jul 96

We investigated the possibility of a drug interaction between the antilipemic agent halofenate and sulfonylureas. Twelve young, healthy men were given 1 g of tolbutamide by mouth before and after 12 days of double-blind treatment with 1 g per day of halofenate, or placebo. There was a significant increase in serum tolbutamide at eight, 10 and 12 hours (P less than 0.01) and a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in serum glucose at one, four and six hours after halofenate treatment, but not after placebo. In a long-term, double-blind study of halofenate or clofibrate treatment of patients with Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetic patients receiving a sulfonylurea and halofenate either required a reduction in the dose of the sulfonylurea or demonstrated significantly improved control of hyperglycemia (P less than 0.05) or both. No appreciable decrease in serum glucose levels was noted in diabetic patients receiving sulfonylurea and clofibrate. This interaction between halofenate and sulfonylureas is clinically important, especially in view of the association of hyperlipemia and diabetes.
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PMID:Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas by halofenate. 17 74


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