Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood is drawn into capillary tubes containing saponin and the tubes placed into the reagent packs. Hemoglobin is denatured by mixing the hemosylate with a reagent containing lithium hydroxide and a non-ionic detergent. The absorbance is measured bichromatically at wavelengths of 577 and 633 nm. The calibration curve is stable and can be stored for at least 30 days. There are no interferences from fetal hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (20 percent), hemoglobin S, samples with hematocrits up to 0.55, paraproteins, and lipemia. Specimens with rouleau formation, nucleated and fragmented red blood cells, target cells, ovalocytes, teardrop cells, spherocytes, leukocyte counts of 29 X 10(9) per L and reticulocyte counts of 0.32; Howell-Jolly bodies did not interfere with the assay. The within run and between run precision gave average coefficient or variations of 2.3 and 1.9 percent, respectively. Comparison of the hemoglobin results obtained in 149 samples with the Vision (y) and Coulter Counter System (x) gave r = 0.987, Y = 1.01X - 1.89 g per L.
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PMID:Quantitation of hemoglobin with the Vision Analyzer by use of the alkaline hematin reaction. 338 58

Male Japan white rabbits were given orally with two doses of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide (TCHT, 250 mg/kg body weight) at 48 hr intervals and their carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms were investigated 48 hr after the last administration. Elevated fasting blood glucose levels and a significant inhibition of insulin (IRI, immunoreactive insulin) release in response to the intravenous glucose infusion were observed. Microscopic examination of pancreatic islets did not reveal any histological alteration. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated in the TCHT-treated rabbits. Ultracentrifugation of plasma lipoproteins revealed a marked increase in chylomicron + VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) fraction. Rates of triglyceride secretion into plasma were not different between the TCHT-treated and the control animals. These data suggest that TCHT induces hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in rabbits, and the disturbance of metabolism seems to be related to the inhibition of insulin release from the pancreatic islets by TCHT.
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PMID:[Effects of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms]. 686 92

Hyperlipidaemia is an invariable complication of the nephrotic syndrome. The quantitative and qualitative changes in lipoproteins which occur may accelerate atherosclerosis. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the hyperlipidaemia are complex and poorly understood. Increases in lipoprotein production are compounded by reduced lipolysis of very low density lipoprotein and impaired catabolism of low density lipoprotein. Both proteinuria and hypoalbuminaemia have been implicated in the genesis of these abnormalities. The optimum treatment of the hyperlipidaemia has not been determined. 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl co-enzyme A reductase inhibitors appear to be the most effective lipid-lowering drugs, although their ability to reduce ischaemic events or prevent/delay renal failure remains to be proven.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of lipid abnormalities in patients with nephrotic syndrome/proteinuria: clinical implications. 823 98

The mechanism behind the hypolipidemic effect of tetradecylthioacetic acid (CMTTD, a non-beta-oxidizable 3-thia fatty acid) was studied in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet (2%), which resulted in hyperlipidemia. Treating hyperlipidemic hamsters with CMTTD resulted in a progressive hypocholesterolemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effect. Decreased plasma cholesterol was followed by a 39% and 30% reduction in VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, respectively. In contrast, the HDL-cholesterol content was not affected, thus decreasing the VLDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- (HMG) CoA reductase activity and its mRNA level were unchanged after CMTTD administration. Also, the LDL receptor and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP-4) mRNAs were unchanged. The decrease in plasma triacylglycerol was accompanied by a 45% and 56% reduction in VLDL-triacylglycerol and LDL-triacylglycerol, respectively. The hypolipidemic effect of CMTTD was followed by a 1.4-fold increase in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and a 2.3-fold increase in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. CMTTD treatment led to an accumulation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) in liver, plasma, very low density lipoprotein, and heart. Noteworthy, CMTTD accumulated more in the heart, plasma, and VLDL particles compared to the liver, and in the VLDL particle alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) decreased whereas eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4n-3) increased. In addition, linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, the latter mainly due to a decrease in n-6 fatty acids. The present data show that CMTTD was detected in plasma and incorporated into VLDL, liver, and heart. The relative incorporation (mol%) of CMTTD was heart > VLDL > liver. In conclusion, CMTTD causes both a hypocholesterolemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effect in hyperlipidemic hamsters.
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PMID:Tetradecylthioacetic acid incorporated into very low density lipoprotein: changes in the fatty acid composition and reduced plasma lipids in cholesterol-fed hamsters. 884 79

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains a troublesome long-term complication of heart transplantation. It is manifested by a unique and unusually accelerated form of coronary disease affecting both intramural and epicardial coronary arteries and veins.CAV is characterized by vascular injury induced by a variety of noxious stimuli, including the immune system response to the allograft, ischemia-reperfusion injury, viral infection, immunosuppressive drugs, and classic risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension. The obstructive vascular lesions are thought to progress through repetitive endothelial injury followed by repair response. The role of major histocompatibility complex donor-recipient differences in the pathogenesis of CAV has not yet been completely elucidated. Intracoronary ultrasound studies reveal a dual morphology with donor-transmitted or de novo focal, noncircumferential plaques in proximal segments and/or a diffuse, concentric pattern observed in distal segments. A lack of correlation between microvascular and epicardial vessel disease suggests discordant manifestations and progression of CAV. Apoptosis and loss of functional vascular remodeling have to be considered as important mediators of clinically relevant CAV. Strategies for blocking T-cell costimulation and expression of adhesion molecules may help prevent chronic rejection in clinical transplantation. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and antiproliferative drugs may slow progression of CAV by various effects. Methods to augment endogenous nitric oxide bioavailability as well as newer immunosuppressive regimens may be protective. Balloon angioplasty has a limited role in the treatment of focal lesions. Experiences with coronary stenting, coronary artery bypass grafting, and transmyocardial laser revascularization are limited. Retransplantation has a worse outcome than initial transplantation.
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PMID:Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a review. 932

The aim of this work was to study the cholesterol-lowering mechanisms induced by dietary soybean lecithin in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Male New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6 in each group) were fed for 10 weeks either a low-fat control C diet, containing 27 g fat/kg, or high-fat diets enriched with 2 g cholesterol/kg and 77 g fat/kg. The high-fat diets contained 50 g lard (L), 50 g soybean triacylglycerol (SO), or 50 g pure soybean phosphatidylcholine (PLE). PLE diet decreased by 30% beta-VLDL-cholesterol, compared with SO diet. HDL2-, HDL3- and LDL-lipid contents were unchanged in the L, SO and PLE groups. In gallbladder bile, amounts of phospholipids, bile salts and cholesterol were significantly increased in PLE group by respectively 45%, 11% and 44%, in comparison with SO group. Intestinal and hepatic Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase activities were not increased by PLE diet. Triacylglycerol hepatic content was lower in PLE group than in L or SO groups. Compared with triacylglycerol enriched diet, phosphatidylcholine enriched diet developed significant higher cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-lowering effects by a two-step mechanism: i) by reducing the beta-VLDLs, ii) by enhancing the secretion of bile cholesterol. Such results constitute promising effects of soybean phosphatidylcholine at the hepato-biliary level, in the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidemia and related atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Dietary polyenylphosphatidylcholine decreases cholesterolemia in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: role of the hepato-biliary axis. 1110 58

Hypercholesterolemia is a common complication of liver transplantation and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease after renal and heart transplant. The effect of hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation is less certain, but a less favorable outcome is to be expected. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins have proven efficacy in reducing serum cholesterol and mortality from cardiovascular disease in the general population. Early evidence shows that statins are safe and effective in treating hypercholesterolemia after liver transplantation. Studies in cardiovascular disease have shown that statins exhibit beneficial properties independent of lipid-lowering. These include anti-inflammatory effects and improvement in endothelial function. Recently, statins were shown to repress induction of major histocompatibility complex class II complexes by interferon-gamma, which in turn suppresses activation of T lymphocytes. Such effects may assume significance when using statins after solid-organ transplants. Pravastatin has been shown to reduce acute rejection after cardiac and renal transplantation and to also reduce natural killer cell cytotoxicity in these populations. It remains to be seen whether statins will demonstrate similar benefits after liver transplantation.
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PMID:Can the potential benefits of statins in general medical practice be extrapolated to liver transplantation? 1175 2

Plasma glutathione peroxidase (PGPx) and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and B-100 reduce phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PC-OOH) to its hydroxide (PC-OH). To elucidate the relative importance of the reduction pathways we developed a simple assay for measuring total PC-OOH-reducing activity. Human plasma was incubated with 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide and the time-dependent reduction was confirmed by its hydroxide formation, measured by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. We determined the PC-OOH reducing activity in blood plasma of healthy men and women as 119 +/- 7 (n = 13, aged 27 to 45) and 101 +/- 4 microM/h (n = 5, aged 24 to 30), respectively. In addition, we also measured PC-OOH-reducing activity in the plasma of 53 pregnant women since they usually show hyperlipidemia or hyper-apolipoproteinemia. The average rate of PC-OOH reduction was 101 +/- 34 microM/hr. The PC-OOH-reducing activity was not affected by the addition of iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of PGPx, suggesting that the activity is due to apolipoproteins. A significant correlation between plasma reducing activity with apolipoprotein B-100 was observed (r = 0.290), but not with apolipoprotein A-I (r = 0.118). In pre-eclamptic patients, about an 8% decrease in plasma PC-OOH-reducing activity was observed as compared to the normal pregnancy group, although the decrease was not statistically significant.
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PMID:Plasma phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide-reducing activity in pregnant women. 1203 Apr 43

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are greatly contributed to the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and constitute an important part of comprehensive strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease in the 21st century. Particularly, a strategy for preventing acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the most important complication of hyperlipidemia, is urgently needed. Recent research has revealed a new mechanism of prevention of coronary heart disease by statins: they not only lowered cholesterol level as previously reported, but also contribute directly to plaque stabilization. Among many statins recently marketed, some act directly onto the blood vessel wall to stabilize plaques already formed (so-called vascular statins), while statins are originally classified as chemical or non-chemical. At the same time, reports on pleiotropic activities of statins, including improvement of osteoporosis, have accumulated to suggest an extended role of statins, not merely as a hypolipidemic agent but also possibly an anti-arteriosclerotic/anti-aging drug. This article reviews the direct action of statins on the blood vessel wall, with reference to classification of statins based on difference in action on the blood vessel wall (hepatic statins vs. vascular statins).
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PMID:HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: stabilization of coronary artery plaque. 1218 29

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used antilipidemic agents that are also immunomodulatory. We evaluated possible effects of these agents after lung transplantation by comparing outcomes of 39 allograft recipients, who were prescribed statins for hyperlipidemia, with those of 161 contemporaneous control recipients who did not receive these drugs. Acute rejection (>or= Grade II) was less frequently found in the statin group (15.1 versus 25.6% of biopsies, p < 0.01). None of 15 recipients started on statins during postoperative Year 1 developed obliterative bronchiolitis, whereas the cumulative incidence of this complication among control subjects was 37% (p < 0.01). Total cellularity, as well as proportions of inflammatory neutrophils and lymphocytes, were significantly lower in bronchoalveolar lavages of statin recipients. Among double lung recipients, those taking statins had significantly better spirometry: FVC (80 +/- 2 versus 70 +/- 1%) and FEV1 (87 +/- 2 versus 70 +/- 1%), as percentages of predicted values, and absolute FEV1/FVC (83.4 +/- 1.2 versus 78.6 +/- 0.5) (all p < 0.01). The 6-year survival of recipients taking statins (91%) was much greater than that of control subjects (54%) (p < 0.01). These data suggest statin use may have substantial clinical benefits after pulmonary transplantation.
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PMID:Statin use is associated with improved function and survival of lung allografts. 1261 29


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