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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effect of coconut protein in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet on the metabolism of lipids and lipid peroxides was studied. In addition, effect of coconut protein were compared with rats fed L-arginine. The results indicate that those fed coconut protein and those fed L-arginine showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL+ VLDL cholesterol, Triglycerides and Phospholipids in the serum and higher levels of serum HDL cholesterol. The concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the tissues were lower in these groups. There was increased hepatic cholesterogenesis which is evident from the higher rate of incorporation of labeled acetate into free cholesterol. Increased conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and increased fecal excretion of bile acids were observed. Feeding coconut protein results in decreased levels of Malondialdehyde in the heart and increased activity of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase. Supplementation of coconut protein causes increased excretion of urinary nitrate which implies higher rate of conversion of arginine into nitric oxide. In the present study, the arginine supplemented group and the coconut protein fed group produced similar effects. These studies clearly demonstrate that coconut protein is able to reduce hyperlipidemia and peroxidative effect induced by high fat cholesterol containing diet and these effects are mainly mediated by the L-arginine present in it.
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PMID:Hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of coconut protein in hypercholesterolemic rats. 1188 11

Effects of genistein and its glycoside genistin were studied in nephritic rats with endogenous hyperlipidemia. Male Wistar rats with glomerulonephritis caused by a single intravenous injection of nephrotoxic serum were orally given 5 mg of genistein or 8 mg of genistin/d/100 g body weight for 12 d. These isoflavones suppressed nephritis-induced severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and their hypolipidemic action was almost identical. Fecal steroid excretion was unchanged by administration of the two isoflavones. Genistein inhibited the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into cholesterol and FA in liver slices from nephritic rats when added to an incubation buffer, whereas genistin did not. These results suggest that genistin may be hydrolyzed to genistein and that genistein itself and/or its metabolite(s) may be intracorporal entities suppressing hepatic lipid syntheses. They also suggest that the suppression of hepatic lipid synthesis may be one mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of genistein.
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PMID:Hypolipidemic action of the soybean isoflavones genistein and genistin in glomerulonephritic rats. 1194 76

In recent years several multicentric prospective studies have demonstrated the efficacy of some therapeutic measures to slow the progression of renal diseases. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) both by ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA) is probably the strongest therapeutic alternative: The antiproteinuric effect of these drugs is an excellent surrogate marker and a predictor of the beneficial influences on the progression of renal failure. The type of renal disease, an inadequate control of blood pressure, and the presence of obesity may counteract the beneficial influences of RAS inhibition, whereas early treatment of all patients with significant proteinuria before the appearance of renal insufficiency and combined therapy with an ACEI and an ARA may augment it. Dietary protein restriction is a classic treatment of chronic renal insufficiency whose effectiveness has been validated by multicentric studies. However, a poor compliance of the patient and the risk of malnutrition with very strict protein restriction could limit the benefits of this treatment. Treatment of hyperlipidemia, prevention of obesity, avoidance of smoking, and regular physical exercise are interventions whose therapeutic potential is progressively recognized, particularly in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Early correction of anemia may contribute to the slowing of renal disease progression. Although further studies are required, the accumulated evidence and the likelihood of additive beneficial effect of these therapeutic measures advise their combined implementation in patients with chronic renal diseases.
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PMID:Slowing the progression of renal failure. 1198 7

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combined treatment of ACE inhibitor and exercise training is more effective than either treatment alone in alleviating the insulin resistant states in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a model of type 2 diabetes. OLETF rats (25 weeks old) were randomly divided into 5 groups; sedentary control, exercise-trained, temocapril (ACE inhibitor; 2 mg/kg/day)-treated, with and without exercise, and losartan (AT1 receptor antagonist; 1 mg/kg/day)-treated. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats were used as a non-diabetic control. Body weight, the amount of abdominal fat and blood pressure were higher for OLETF rats than for control rats. However, glucose infusion rate (GIR), an index of insulin resistance, was decreased greatly in OLETF rats. The fasting levels of blood glucose, insulin and lipids were also increased in the diabetic strain. In OLETF rats, both temocapril and losartan reversed hypertensive states significantly, whereas GIR and hyperlipidemia were improved when rats were treated with ACE inhibitors, but not with the AT1 receptor antagonist. Exercise training decreased body weight and the amount of abdominal fat, and also increased GIR in parallel with improved dislipidemia. The combination of the ACE inhibitor with exercise training also improved obesity, hyperinsulinemia, dislipidemia and fasting level of blood glucose, and this combination resulted in the greatest improvement of insulin resistance. These results suggest that the combination of ACE inhibitor and exercise training may be a beneficial treatment for mixed diabetic and hypertensive conditions.
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PMID:Combined effect of ACE inhibitor and exercise training on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats. 1200 25

IRS is a complex disease consisting of a clustering of metabolic disorders, of which hyperglycaemia, hyper-insulinaemia and dyslipidaemia are the most important. Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The effects of hyperinsulinaemia seem to depend on lipidaemia and glycaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia have detrimental effects on endothelial function in the fasting as well as the postprandial states. In both situations, the generation of ROS and vasoactive molecules plays a major role in interfering with the atheroprotective endothelium-dependent NO system. Treatment of IRS in regard to endothelial function should be focused initially on lifestyle improvement, such as stopping smoking and eating a balanced diet containing antioxidant vitamins, folic-acid, L-arginine and long-chain omega-3 unsaturated FA. Strict glucose control has shown to improve endothelial function and decrease microvascular complications. However, macrovascular complications, in line with endothelial functional improvement, have so far been reduced only when treatment was focused on other characteristics of the IRS syndrome, in particular dyslipidaemia. Other relevant treatments include ACE inhibitors and thiazolidinediones, and probably tetrahydrobiopterin and folic acid supplementation. Future studies should address the effects of therapeutic neovascularization on endothelial dysfunction.
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PMID:Insulin resistance and vessel endothelial function. 1221 28

The 3 main methods of oral contraception (OC) are: 1) the sequential method, reproducing the hormonal sequence of the normal cycle; with this method the estrogen component is the one which inhibits ovulation; 2) the combined method, using estrogen and progesterone agents, and whose effectiveness is practically absolute; 3) the minipill, or low-dose progestin method. Other methods include the use of medroxyprogesterone acetate, which is 100% effective but has too numerous side effects, and the morning after pill. Estrogens utilized for OC are mestranol and ethinyl estradiol, while progestational agents can be derived from the natural progesterone, such as medroxyprogesterone, chlormandinone, and megestrol or from nor-19 testosterone. The minipill entails much fewer side effects than regular estroprogestational drugs, such as lower risk of thromboembolitic and metabolic processes; it does cause, however, a number of serious anomalies in the menstrual cycle. OC with low-dose progestin agents are recommended for women with pathologic antecedents, such as diabetes, cardiopathy, and hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:[Pills and minipills]. 1226 67

The choice of currently available oral contraceptives (OCs) includes combined formulations in varying dosages and monophaic, biphasic, or triphasic form, sequential pills, synthetic progestin-only pills in macro or microdose, and injectable synthetic progestins. Before the advent of microdose pills, products were characterized by progestin or estrogen dominance. Rumors that microdose pills do not completely inhibit ovulation have hindered their acceptance in France, but research has shown that they inhibit ovarian secretions as effectively as more strongly dosed products. Their les profound inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis raises hopes of a lessened incidence of postpill amenorrhea. Progestin-only microdose pills allow considerable ovarian estrogen secretion, creating a veritable iatrogenic luteal insufficiency. Following the suppression of mestranol, the only estrogen used in OCs is ethinyl estradiol (EE). The only 19-norsteroid progestins which are fixed directly to the progesterone receptors are norethindrone and norgestrel; others such as lynestrenol, ethynodiol diacetate and norethindrone acetate are prohormones. Menstrual problems are among the most frequent side effects of minidose combined pills, but their incidence had dimished with the appearance of biphasic pills and the triphasic pills should offer even greater improvements. The frequency of thromboembolic venous accidents is firectly correlated to the estrogen dose of OCs, but arterial accidents and possibly arterial hypertension appear to be linked to the progestin dose. Synthetic progestins appear to diminish the high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of cholesterol and disturb glucose tolerance, while synthetic estrogens augment the HDL fraction of cholesterol and the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction of triglycerides, modify some coagulation factors, and elevate the plasma level of angiotensinogene. Dose levels and chemical structures of the constituents influence the metabolic effects of pill formulations. In current practice, minidose products are preferred because they cause fewer metabolic changes and are less likely to entail vascular risks. Sequential pills are prescribed for 1 cycle following induced abortion but are not used for long periods because they are not 100% effective, they carry a risk of endometrial hyperplasia, and they appear to increase risks of venous thromboembolism. A combination of 50 mcg EE and 2 mg cyproterone acetate may be prescribed for acne, and minidose combination pills may be used in case of fibroma or endometriosis. In case of contraindications to estrogen, a microdose or injectable progestin can be prescribed if their shortcomings are kept in mind. The current popularity of macrodose progestin-only pills in France has more to do with fashion than with science. All hormonal contraception should be avoided for women at risk, including smokers and those with hyperlipidemia or a family history of vascular accidents.
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PMID:[How to choose an oral contraceptive in 1984]. 1226 9

Various types of low-dose oral contraceptives are included in this panel discussion: continuous minidose progestagens, low-dose daily progesterone injections, low-dose daily progesterone injections and low-dose combined pills. A study on 6 subjects showed that continuous minidose progestagens (1 mg lynestrenol) usually cause a low plasma progestin level, elevated luteinizing hormone (LH), but occasionally abnormal progestin or LH peaks, and often intermenstrual spotting. Intrumascular progesterone, 5 mg/day from Cycle Days 7 to 23 produced spotting, low LH and follicle stimulating hormone, and flat temperature curve all indicating that progesterone itself can inhibit ovulation. A study on the fate of labeled norethisterone 1 and 24 hours after administration showed highest uptake in endometrium then plasma, myometrium, and fallopian tube. Reports on clinical trials with 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl-estradiol, and with 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 1 mcg norethisterone acetate in 67 women both produced 100 % efficacy and no side effects except spotting. Blood coagulation studies of antithrombin III were still abnormal in 15% of users of pills with 50 mcg estrogen, compared with 63% with 75-100 mcg pills and 6% in untreated controls. Questions were raised about metrorrhagia, how long to prescribe minipills without interruption, how to treat migraines occurring between cycles, pill management of diabetics, and whether the classical contraindicaitons should be observed with minidose pills. The speakers answered that little information is available about the new pil ls, but contraindicaitons, especially those related to thrombophlebitis and hyperlipidemia should still be observed.
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PMID:[Contribution of low doses in oral contraception]. 1227 56

Earlier and more frequent sexual activity and the significant risk of pregnancy have increased the need for contraception among young adolescent girls. The problem for the physician is to choose a contraceptive method which will not affect future fertility or the psychological and biological maturity of adolescents. Condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides are quite effective if used correctly; they have no deleterious side effects, and they provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases. They appear to be well-adapted to the sporadic sexual activity of adolescents. The efficacy of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) is also high. Side effects depend on the synthetic estrogen component and are dose dependent. Absolute contraindications to OC use in women of any age include thromboembolic disease, cerebral vascular accidents, severe cardiac or hepatic disorders, breast or genital cancer, pregnancy, undiagnosed genital bleeding, and pituitary adenoma. Relative contraindications include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, history of hepatitis, migraines, epilepsy, asthma, renal insufficiency, cystic breast disease, and mammary fibroadenomas. Combined OCs do not seem to interfere with subsequent maturation of the hypothalamopituitary axis. The frequency of ovulatory cycles in adolescents who have discontinued pill use is the same as that in adolescents who have never used pills. However, estrogens accelerate the process of maturation in the bones, so combined OCs should never be prescribed for girls who have not terminated their growth. Minidose OCs containing 30-45 mcg of ethinyl estradiol aggravate the relative hyperestrogenism of adolescents and are associated with menstrual problems, functional ovarian cysts, and breast problems. They should only be prescribed for adolescents with regular sexual activity, no less than 3 years following menarche, with regular ovulatory menstrual cycles and no history of breast disorders. Otherwise, a standard-dose combined pill with 50 mcg EE should be selected. Continuous dose progestin minipills depend on peripheral effects such as modifications in the cervical mucus for their contraceptive effects. They are associated with frequent menstrual problems, functional ovarian cysts, and extrauterine pregnancies. They may be indicated for adolescents with regular sexual activity but with contraindications to combined OCs. Trimonthly injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate have major effects on endocrine metabolism and should be used only for adolescents with severe mental problems. IUD efficacy is high but they may be less well tolerated by adolescents than by older women and the risk of infection may be heightened. They should only be used for adolescents with absolute contraindications to use of hormonal contraceptives who have no history of genital infections.
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PMID:[Choosing contraception for adolescents]. 1228 May 85

Combined oral contraceptives (OCs) have nearly total efficacy when correctly used and good overall tolerance among most women under 40, but there are several significant contraindications to their use. Women with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, minor mastopathy, or premenstrual tension should not use OCs containing estrogen. Macroprogestational OCs administered generally 20 days out of 28 are useful when an antiestrogen effect is sought or when metabolic anomalies are to be avoided. An antiestrogen effect may be desired for women over 40 suffering from relative or absolute hyperestrogenism, or for women with premenstrual syndrome, menorrhagia related to endometrial hyperplasia or other menstrual problems, or benign mastopathies. An antiestrogen effect may also be desired to prevent cellular pathologies common after age 40. Some anomalies of metabolism, blood pressure, and coagulation persist in users of combined OCs regardless of the dose or the compounds used in the formulation. Progestins derived from testosterone were the first to be used in contraception and provide good cycle control and antigonadotropic activity, along with a powerful antiestrogen effect. But they may have metabolic side effects and cause signs of hyperandrogenism. Progestins derived from progesterone have been studied in health women and in those with different risk factors. Chlormadinone acetate has been used in women at high vascular risk, and promegestone has been used in women with fibrocystic breast disorders. A study was also done on 36 healthy women for 6 months using nomegestrol acetate. The preliminary results were good but the numbers of women were small, they had no metabolic risk factors, and the treatment periods were short. The results thus cannot be extrapolated to subjects at risk or for use during longer periods. The only observed modifications (essentially declines in apoprotein A1 and elevation of antithrombine) were probably attributable to the decline in average estradiol levels and without significance for risk. A disadvantage of these methods is that they have not been authorized for marketing as contraceptives in France and no Pearl index is available. Although the incidence of menstrual problems is not well known, such problems appear to be relatively frequent. The hypoestrogenism often sought for women with gynecological pathologies is not necessarily desirable for women using these methods because of metabolic problems or age over 40. A sufficient estradiol level protects against premature bone loss and has important metabolic effects including better production HDL cholesterol. 18 women who experienced menstrual problems with macroprogestational contraceptives were given 5 mg/day of nomegestrol acetate in combination with transdermally administered estradiol. Clinical and metabolic tolerance were excellent, and no pregnancies occurred. Further study is warranted.
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PMID:[Macroprogestative contraception: advantages]. 1231 9


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