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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this paper, we review the effects of rice bran oil (RBO), an unconventional oil recently introduced onto the Indian market for human use. RBO contains oleic acid (38.4%), linoleic acid (34.4%), and linolenic acid (2.2%) as unsaturated fatty acids, and palmitic (21.5%) and stearic (2.9%) acids as saturated fatty acids. The unsaponifiable fraction (4.2%) has total tocopherols (81.3 mg%), gamma-oryzanol (1.6%), and squalene (320 mg%). Oryzanol is a mixture of ferulic acid esters of triterpene alcohols such as cycloartenol (CA) (106 mg%) and 24-methylene cycloartanol (494 mg%). Studies on experimental rats demonstrated a hypolipidemic effect of RBO. The unsaponifiable fraction of RBO lowers cholesterol levels. Feeding phytosterols, CA, and 24-methylene cycloartanol in amounts present in RBO to hypercholesterolemic rats for 8 weeks indicates that CA alone reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly. Endogenous sterol excretion increases in animals given CA. The accumulation of CA in the liver inhibits cholesterol esterase activity, which in turn leads to reduction in circulating cholesterol levels. CA is structurally similar to cholesterol and may compete with the binding sites of cholesterol and sequestrate cholesterol, which is metabolized to its derivatives. RBO, which is rich in tocopherols and tocotrienols, may improve oxidative stability. Tocotrienols inhibit HMG CoA reductase, resulting in hypocholesterolemia. The hypolipidemic effect of RBO has also been established in human subjects. Thus, RBO could be a suitable edible oil for patients with hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:Nutritional and biochemical aspects of the hypolipidemic action of rice bran oil: a review. 177 Jan 91

There is good epidemiologic evidence that hypertension is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. However, primary intervention trials have failed to demonstrate that a reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive patients reduces morbidity and mortality from cardiac events. Since various antihypertensive drugs adversely affect lipoprotein metabolism, these drugs may increase associated coronary risk and offset the beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure. This article reviews the effects of various antihypertensive drugs on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. They can be summarized as follows: thiazide-type diuretics cause a marked elevation of plasma triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and minor increases in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but have little effects on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The nonselective beta-blockers do not significantly affect total cholesterol and LDL, but increase total triglycerides and VLDL and decrease HDL. The changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins caused by cardioselective beta-blockers and beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are qualitatively similar but less pronounced. Calcium antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to have no significant effects on plasma lipids. alpha 1-Inhibitors reduce total triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL, and LDL and increase HDL. The possible mechanisms by which antihypertensive drugs affect cellular lipid metabolism (e.g., LDL receptor, lipid synthesis, lipoprotein lipase, lecithin cholesteryl acyltransferase, acylcholesteryl acyltransferase, and cholesteryl ester hydrolase) are described. The clinical significance of changes in blood lipids and cellular lipid metabolism caused by antihypertensive drugs is not yet totally clear. Nevertheless, before antihypertensive drug treatment is initiated, blood lipid levels should be measured to identify preexisting hyperlipidemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of antihypertensives on plasma lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. 305 88

Cholesteryl ester storage disease, caused by the loss of lysosomal acid ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13), has been previously associated with hyperlipidemia and premature atherosclerosis. We identified a 23-month-old female with cholesteryl ester storage disease and characterized the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the proband and her family. These studies illustrate several important points about this disease. First, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose this disease since the major physical manifestation of the disorder, mild hepatomegaly, is subtle. Second, the Type II hyperlipoproteinemia in the proband is paralleled by a reduction in the concentration of high density lipoproteins. Third, analysis of the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in family members revealed both Type II and Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia with an inheritance pattern similar to that of familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia. Fourth, the parents and brother of this patient had 50% normal fibroblast acid ester hydrolase activity. These results raise the possibility that deficiency of the lysosomal acid ester hydrolase may be linked to familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia and that this enzyme deficiency may be more common than previously appreciated.
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PMID:Characterization of plasma lipids and lipoproteins in cholesteryl ester storage disease. 399 99

Several enzyme activities involved in lipid hydrolysis (acid and neutral cholesterol esterase and lipase) or synthesis (acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase and cholinephosphotransferase) were assayed in the aortas of rats with nephrosis induced by daunomycin and of rats fed on high cholesterol diet. In nephrotic rats activities of some enzymes involved in lipid hydrolysis, but not in synthesis, were increased. On the contrary, in rats fed on high cholesterol diet, the activities of all enzymes involved in lipid synthesis were significantly increased, with some increase in those involved in lipid hydrolysis. In nephrotic rats fed on high cholesterol diet all enzyme activities were markedly increased. From the view point of accumulation of cholesterol ester (CE), the ratio of hydrolysis of CE in lysosomes to CE incorporated from the blood and the ratio of hydrolysis of CE to reesterification of free cholesterol in microsomes were considered to be important. From this point of view, nephrotic hyperlipidemia was not so atherogenic as hyperlipidemia induced by the diet. The role of serum high density lipoproteins in lipid metabolism in the aorta was discussed.
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PMID:Lipid metabolism in the aorta of daunomycin-induced nephrotic rats. 664 60

Fibric acid derivatives are used to treat hyperlipidemia and have wide ranging effects on lipid metabolism. The action of these compounds on cholesterol esterification, catalyzed by acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), has been quite widely studied, but their effect on cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and the enzyme neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (nCEH) has been largely ignored. Male rats were therefore fed for 10 d on a standard chow diet supplemented with either clofibrate or bezafibrate, to study their effects on plasma lipid levels and hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Plasma triacylglycerols were not significantly altered by these diets, but bezafibrate significantly lowered plasma cholesterol levels (29.7%, P < 0.01). When expressed per unit weight of DNA, both fibrates reduced the hepatic content of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and cholesteryl esters (40, 18.7, 16.5 and 66.7, 28.6, 34.2% for clofibrate and bezafibrate, respectively). ACAT activity was significantly reduced by both drugs, but clofibrate (65% inhibition) was more effective than bezafibrate (35% inhibition). The most dramatic effect of the diets was a marked increase in the activity of both the microsomal and the cytosolic nCEH. When expressed on a whole liver basis, the effect of bezafibrate on the cytosolic enzyme (13.6-fold increase in activity) was much greater than that of clofibrate (4.8-fold increase). Increases in the activity of a cytosolic protein that inhibits the activity of nCEH were also noted, but these changes were relatively small. The results suggest that the activation of nCEH, in combination with the inhibition in ACAT activity, contributes to a decrease in the cholesteryl ester content of the liver which may influence the secretion of very low density lipoprotein.
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PMID:The effects of clofibrate and bezafibrate on cholesterol metabolism in the liver of the male rat. 786 54

The clinical efficacy and accuracy of the homogeneous assay method for the serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol determination were evaluated. The principle is as follows: low density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were coated by polymers and polyanion to be blocked from cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase. The reaction of these enzymes for HDL cholesterol was enhanced with a detergent, and HDL cholesterol was selectively measured. Both within-run (n = 3, 20 times) and between-run (n = 3, 7 days) CVs were < 2%. The repeated freezing and thawing (4 times) of three distinct sera resulted in no changes of HDL cholesterol values. Additions of lipid emulsion (Triglyceride = 100 mg/dl) and free bilirubin (20 mg/dl) gave no effect. Linearity was found up to 300 mg/dl. Increases in HDL cholesterol values by the addition of VLDL (total cholesterol (TC) = 300 mg/dl) or LDL (TC = 300 mg/dl) to the tested sera were < 0.5%. The correlation coefficient of the new method with a precipitation method was 0.995 (n = 64). HDL-C values for patients with hyperlipidemia (Type IIa, IIb, or III, IV, and V) by this method were comparable with those obtained by the precipitation method. From these results, we concluded that the new method meets the requirements for accuracy, precision, ease of handling massive samples, and was clinically useful.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy of the direct assay method using polymers for serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol. 905 41

We have developed a new analysis method for lipoproteins in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using a sulfopropyl-ligand column with eluents containing magnesium nitrate. The magnesium ion anchors lipoproteins to the ligands on the column gel. Lipoproteins are eluted from the column with a magnesium nitrate concentration gradient and detected by postcolumn reaction using a reagent containing cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase. High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein were eluted in order from the column. The within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation for cholesterol concentration in lipoproteins were 1.1-3.7 and 1.3-5.8%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol obtained by the new method and those obtained by an enzymatic method using an automated chemical analyzer were 0.940, 0.979, and 0.909, respectively. The new method was successfully applied to the analysis of plasma lipoproteins of patients with hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:Analysis method for lipoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography with sulfopropyl-ligand column and magnesium ion-containing eluents. 1241 48

We have developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for measurement of cholesterol in the major classes of serum lipoproteins, i.e., HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons. Lipoproteins in serum were separated on a column containing diethylaminoethyl-ligand nonporous polymer-based gel by elution with a step gradient of sodium perchlorate concentration, and detected by post-column reaction with a reagent containing cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase. The within-day assay and between-day assay coefficients of variation for cholesterol concentration in lipoproteins were in the ranges of 0.9-6.4% and 1.1-11.9%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the values of HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and chylomicron cholesterol measured by the HPLC method and those estimated by an ultracentrifugation method were 0.892, 0.921, 0.840, 0.930, and 0.873, respectively. Values of remnant-like particle cholesterol measured by an immunoseparation technique (Japan Immunoresearch Laboratories, Japan) were significantly correlated with VLDL and chylomicron cholesterol values measured by the HPLC method (r = 0.883 and r = 0.729, respectively). This rapid and accurate HPLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of plasma lipoproteins of patients with hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:Measurement of cholesterol of major serum lipoprotein classes by anion-exchange HPLC with perchlorate ion-containing eluent. 1273 Mar 6

Shosaikoto, a Kampo medicine used clinically to treat patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis in Japan, displays immunoregulatory effects, especially on macrophage functions. Oral administration of shosaikoto influences the synthesis of humoral factors such as the interleukins, nitric oxide and prostaglandins in macrophages. In addition, phagocytic activity is enhanced by treatment with shosaikoto, resulting in an antigen that is effectively presented to T lymphocytes to produce more antibodies. The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is well recognized, although a therapeutic agent targeted at macrophages has not yet been developed. When shosaikoto was administered to atherosclerotic rabbits, it did not exhibit antihyperlipidemic effects but did reduce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, treatment with shosaikoto suppressed intimal hyperplasia in apoE-deficient mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for nine weeks. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the mechanism of the antiatherosclerotic effect was partly due to the increase of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) elimination by macrophages, resulting from stimulation of oxLDL uptake through scavenger receptors, activation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase, and increase of cholesterol elimination by high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, shosaikoto is able to reverse the depression of macrophage functions caused by hyperlipidemia. These results indicate the potential of this medicine as a new type of preventive or therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Shosaikoto as a potential antiatherosclerotic agent. 1293 13

Cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity hampers the immense therapeutic potential of such a powerful immunosuppressant. The present study was conducted with an aim to explicate the contribution of sulphated polysaccharides (SPS) in abating the lipid abnormalities induced by CsA in the rat kidney. Hyperlipidemia associated with nephrotic syndrome may play a role in the worsening of renal function. Male albino Wistar rats sorted into four groups were used for the study. CsA was given at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days. Significant alterations in the lipid profile as well an increase in the activity of cholesterol ester synthase, coupled with a decrease in cholesterol ester hydrolase and lipoprotein lipase enzyme activities were noted in the plasma and kidneys of CsA-administered rats. A marked increase in the lipoprotein fractions, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), along with a decrease in the HDL level were found in CsA-administered rats. The degree of nephrotoxicity allied with lipid discrepancies was evident from augmented urinary excretion of urea, uric acid and creatinine. Further, an enhanced susceptibility of the apo B-containing lipoproteins (LDL + VLDL) to oxidation in vitro, induced by copper ions was also found in the plasma of CsA given groups. While SPS co-treated groups (5 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously) revealed a normalized lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes, the supplementation of SPS also brought back the elevated urinary constituents close to that of the controls and substantially minimized the oxidative changes. With these observations, it may be concluded herein that SPS may be an ideal choice as a renoprotective and hypolipidemic agent against CsA-induced hyperlipidemic nephropathy.
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PMID:Protective role of sulphated polysaccharides in abating the hyperlipidemic nephropathy provoked by cyclosporine A. 1701 61


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