Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe the effects of uric acid, hemolysis, drugs, ascorbic acid, lipemia, and bilirubin on the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of reagent kits from Abbott, Beckman, Boehringer Mannheim, Calbiochem, and Worthington. In all of these, the chromogen formed from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrene is measured. The absorbance was measured at 500 nm vs. a serum blank for each kit--except Abbott's with which the recorded absorbances were the differences between readings at 500 and 600 nm. With all reagents kits, there was no interference from uric acid up to 200 mg/liter, hemoglobin up to 1.0 g/liter, or drugs (clofibrate, phenobarbital, Ketochol, Ovral-28), but negative interferences from ascorbic acid. Except for the Abbott kit, the cholesterol values obtained for lipemic samples were lower than found with the comparison method [Abell et al., Stand. Methods Clin. Chem. 2, 26 (1958)]. With Abbott's reagents, for most lipemic samples, the values were the same. Bilirubin at concentrations of 200 mg/liter significantly decreased the cholesterol values with Beckman, Calbiochem, and Worthington reagent kits. With Boehringer Mannheim reagent a small negative interference was observed and with Abbott reagent a small positive interference was observed when the bilirubin concentrations were 200 mg/liter.
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PMID:Interference with the enzymic measurement of cholesterol in serum by use of five reagent kits. 84 75

Ortho,para,dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (o,p'DDD, Mitotane (Roussell)) is used as an adrenolytic drug to reduce adrenocortical mass and circulating cortisol levels in Cushing's syndrome but has the unwanted side-effect of inducing hypercholesterolaemia. This paper examined the mechanism of that effect in 30 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated with o,p'DDD during the past 10 years. o,p'DDD increased serum cholesterol by 68 per cent, mainly by increasing LDL-cholesterol. The latter effect was not due to impaired binding of LDL to its receptor, as shown in vitro using cultured fibroblasts. Increases in plasma mevalonic acid during o,p'DDD administration were suggestive of increased cholesterol synthesis, this effect being reversed by simvastatin. These findings suggest that o,p'DDD causes hypercholesterolaemia by increasing cholesterol synthesis. It is proposed that this effect is due to the drug's known ability to block cytochrome P450-mediated reactions, thus impairing the formation of oxysterols responsible for down-regulating hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Treatment with simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, reverses the hyperlipidaemia and enables o,p'DDD therapy to be maintained without increasing cardiovascular risk.
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PMID:Possible mechanism and treatment of o,p'DDD-induced hypercholesterolaemia. 148 Jul 41

Estradiol implants in chicks resulted in marked elevation of all major plasma lipids with greatest increase in triglyceride (TG) followed by phospholipid (PL) and cholesterol (C). During the two-wk period, plasma TG level in estrogen (E)-treated chicks increased to about 45 times that of controls (139.6 vs 6,368.3 mg/dl). The level of cholesterol also increased steadily during the same period, attaining nearly a six-fold increase in comparison with the control (150.7 vs 871.8 mg/dl), and the level of PL was markedly elevated from 209 to 2,861 mg/dl. Besides the induction of hyperlipidemia, E treatment also resulted in a notable alteration in the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids; there was an increase in oleic acid concomitant with a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly, linoleic acid. One day after implantation, the percentage of oleic acid in TG fraction increased from 39.2 to 43.7%, reaching 55.4% of the total fatty acids at day 14. In contrast, the levels of linoleic and arachidonic acid decreased significantly from 16.1 to 8.3% and 4.3 to 0.6%, respectively, during the same period. In cholesteryl ester (CE) and PL, the oleic acid level also increased from 25.2 to 47.3% in the former and from 11.9 to 29.6% in the latter, reflecting enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. Analysis of plasma lipoproteins in E-treated chicks revealed dramatic alterations in the concentrations of lipids and protein in individual lipoprotein fractions, especially very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Changes in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride secretion and removal in chicks with estrogen implants. 339 19

A case report of cholestatic jaundice in a 25 year old woman, who had had jaundice at age 4 years, and had taken Stediril (a combined oral contraceptive) for 1 month, implicates either the pill or a possibly hereditary hyperlipidemia. The jaundice developed in 2 weeks with vomiting, epigastric pain, anorexia, then discolored urine and feces, and intense pruritus. On hospitalization the patient had moderate bilirubinemia (56 mg/1), low alkaline phosphatase (13 U.K.) and slightly high serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (270 U.W.). There were elevated serum cholesterol (3 gm/1), triglycerides (2.05 gm/1), total lipids (10.6 gm/1), and a definitely increased pre-beta lipoprotein, suggesting hyperlipidemia type IV (Frederickson classification). Liver biopsy showed fibrosis of the portal spaces lymphocytic infiltration, canalicular and intrahepatocytic thrombi. On laparoscopy the liver had a regular lower border, normal volume color and surface. Albumin, prothrombin and flocculation tests were normal. The patient's jaundice lasted about 1 month, then liver function slowly improved, although pruritus remained intense. Probably this jaundice was due to oral contraceptives, in a patient predisposed either by jaundice in childhood or endogenous hyperlipidemia.
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PMID:[Cholestatic icterus due to oral contraceptives]. 426 76

2 young, menstruating females without any of the major risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia) developed acute myocaridal infarctions while taking oral contraceptives; their clinical histories and laboratory and arteriographic studies are presented. In the first patient (aged 29) who took Ortho-Novum 2 mg. for 11 months prior to infarction and who had an abnormal glucose tolerance test, selective coronary angiography revealed a segmental occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. In the second patient (aged 38) who took Enovid for several years prior to infarction, selective coronary angiography showed slight irregularity of the left anterior descending coronary artery; no evidence of akinesis or dyskinesis of the ventricular wall was noted. Although incidence of coronary artery disease in young, menstruating women has always been very low, recently there have been scattered case reports of women with acute myocardial infarction in absence of major risk factors; all cases shared the common features of oral contraceptive use prior to infarction, and unusual distribution and peculiar appearance of lesions in coronary arteries. Such reports, although rare, in young females taking synthetic estrogen do suggest that a relationship may exist between oral contraceptive agents and thromboembolic phenomena, especially coronary thrombosis. Mechanisms by which oral contraceptives might precipitate thrombosis are discussed. It is suggested that coronary artery disease should be suspected in young oral contraceptors suffering chest pain even though they are still menstruating and are free of major risk factors.
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PMID:Coronary thrombosis in young women on oral contraceptives: report of two cases and review of the literature. 470 63

The hormone levels in the anterior pituitary gland and serum in Nagase analbuminemia rats (NAR), a mutant strain established from Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperlipidemia, were examined. For the anterior pituitary gland, the prolactin, TSH, GH, LH and FSH contents in male NAR were significantly lower than those of normal rats. In female NAR, prolactin, TSH and LH levels were also lower than those in normal rats, whereas FSH and GH were normal. For the serum, the concentrations of TSH, total T3, total and free T4, estradiol-17 beta and testosterone were examined. The serum testosterone concentration in NAR was lower than that of normal rats. Histochemical examination of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity of testes was made in relation to the serum testosterone level. NAR testes, which are rather small compared with those of normal rats, have lower HSD activity. A higher level of serum TSH was seen in NAR. Total and free T4 concentrations were low in the male NAR only. Estradiol-17 beta and T3 concentrations in NAR were unchanged. Changes in serum LH and FSH levels during the estrous cycle in NAR were also studied. Their patterns of change are normal.
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PMID:Hormone levels of anterior pituitary gland and serum in Nagase analbuminemia rats. 643 Jun 88

A study of the prevalence of hyperlipidemia has been conducted among female telephone company employees using oral contraceptives (OCs) or estrogenic hormones. This paper relates hormone formulation and estrogen/progestin potency to striglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in total plasma and lipoprotein fractions and relative lipid composition. Changes in these lipid parameters are of interest because they may predict atherosclerosis risk. Results in 148 hormone users are compared with those in 306 nonhormone users. All data are adjusted for the effects of age, relative body weight, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. Triglyceride concentrations in whole plasma, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) are elevated 1.5-2.5 fold with increasing estrogen potency. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) triglyceride concentration is elevated to a similar degree among OC users regardless of estrogen potency, but there is no significant effect of postmenopausal estrogen use on LDL triglyceride concentrations. The LDL cholesterol concentration shows an increasing trend with increasing estrogen potency in a random sample of OC-treated women, but is slightly lower than control in postmenopausal women treated with estrogen alone. The HDL cholesterol concentration in plasma is highest with hormones having the greatest estrogen potency and lowest with those having the greatest progestin potency. The VLDL cholesterol to triglyceride ratio adjusted for triglyceride concentration is significantly increased with the use of Ovral, a progestin-predominant contraceptive preparation. The LDL cholesterol to triglyceride ratio is reduced with the use of all OCs examined, except for Ovral, where the ratio is above average. The HDL cholesterol to triglyceride ratio is reduced for all combination OCs examined. The use of a sequential OC or postmenopausal estrogens is not associated with a significant alteration in the cholesterol to triglyceride ratio in any lipoprotein fraction. Knowledge of estrogen and progestin potency and kind of progestin are important in predicting the effect of OCs on plasma and lipoprotein lipids. On the basis of observed differences in lipoprotein lipid concentrations and relationships, the potential arteriosclerotic risk from sex hormones may vary among OC formulations.
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PMID:Oral contraceptive and postmenopausal estrogen effects on lipoprotein triglyceride and cholesterol in an adult female population: relationships to estrogen and progestin potency. 729 96

We hypothesized that estradiol treatment would improve vascular dysfunction commonly associated with obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. A sham operation or 17beta-estradiol pellet implantation was performed in male lean and obese Zucker rats. Maximal vasoconstriction (VC) to phenylephrine (PE) and potassium chloride was exaggerated in control obese rats compared with lean rats, but estradiol significantly attenuated VC in the obese rats. Estradiol reduced the PE EC50 in all groups. This effect was cyclooxygenase independent, because preincubation with indomethacin reduced VC response to PE similarly in a subset of control and estrogen-treated lean rats. Endothelium-independent vasodilation (VD) to sodium nitroprusside was similar among groups, but endothelium-dependent VD to ACh was significantly impaired in obese compared with lean rats. Estradiol improved VD in lean and obese rats by decreasing EC50 but impaired function by decreasing maximal VD. The shift in EC50 corresponded to an upregulation in nitric oxide synthase III protein expression in the aorta of the estrogen-treated obese rats. In summary, estrogen treatment improves vascular function in male insulin-resistant, obese rats, partially via an upregulation of nitric oxide synthase III protein expression. These effects are counteracted by adverse factors, such as hyperlipidemia and, potentially, a release of an endothelium-derived contractile agent.
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PMID:Estrogen has opposing effects on vascular reactivity in obese, insulin-resistant male Zucker rats. 1196 Sep 55

A 27-year-old white woman was referred for consultation with regard to the presence of extensive multiple keratotic lesions. She began to develop these lesions at the age of 9 years, with healing of the lesions resulting in scar formation. A biopsy was performed at the age of 16 years, but the patient was unsure of the results. Since then, she had not had any treatment or biopsies, and stated that she had not suffered from any health problems during the intervening period. She was most concerned about the tumors on her heels and soles, which caused difficulty with ambulation. The family history was negative for skin diseases, including melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer, psoriasis, and eczema, and positive for Type II diabetes mellitus. A relative reported that the patient's grandfather had similar lesions, but the patient's parents and siblings were healthy. She was married and had one child, a 9-year-old daughter. Her child had no skin lesions. The patient's only medication was Ortho-Tricyclene birth control pills. She had no known drug allergies. Physical examination revealed the presence of multiple lesions on her body (Fig. 1). Her left superior helix contained a well-demarcated, dome-shaped nodule with a rolled, mildly erythematous border with a central hyperkeratotic plug. A similar lesion was present in the scaphoid fossa of the left ear and smaller lesions were scattered on her face. Numerous lesions were present on the arms and legs bilaterally, with the majority of lesions being located on the anterior lower legs. There were also lesions present on the palms and soles. The lesions ranged in size from 5 mm to 3 cm, the largest being a verrucous exophytic nodule on the anterior aspect of her left leg. Overall, there appeared to be two distinct types of lesion. One type appeared round, oval, and symmetric with a central keratotic plug, similar to that on the ear. The other type was larger, more exophytic, and verrucous, including the lesions on the volar surfaces. Also present were numerous, irregularly shaped atrophic scars where previous lesions had healed spontaneously. There were no oral lesions or lesions on her fingernails or toenails, and her teeth and hair were normal. A biopsy was obtained from an early lesion on the right dorsal forearm. Histology revealed an exo-/endophytic growth having a central crater containing keratinous material (Fig. 2). The crater was surrounded by markedly hyperplastic squamous epithelium with large squamous epithelial cells having abundant glassy cytoplasm. Some cells were dyskeratotic. Within the dermis was a dense, chiefly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate. A buttress of epidermis surrounded the crater. The clinical and pathologic data were consistent with keratoacanthomas. Initial laboratory screenings revealed elevated triglycerides and total cholesterol, 537 mg/dL (normal, < 150 mg/dL) and 225 mg/dL (normal, < 200 mg/dL), respectively, with all other laboratory results within normal limits. In anticipation of starting oral retinoid therapy for her multiple keratoacanthomas, she was referred to her primary care physician for control of hyperlipidemia. After her lipids had been controlled, she was placed on isotretinoin (Accutane) 40 mg/day. There was some interval improvement with regression of some lesions leaving atrophic scars. She was also started on topical application of tazarotene (Tazorac) for all nonresolving lesions. Possible side-effects from the isotretinoin occurred, including dry mouth and eyes. After 8 months of isotretinoin, the patient was switched to acitretin (Soriatane) 25 mg to determine whether it might have a more beneficial effect on the resistant lesions. Many of the larger lesions regressed leaving atrophic scars. The dose of acitretin was subsequently increased to 35 mg because the lesions on her heel and the ball of her foot persisted. Almost all of the lesions resolved, except those on her feet, which are slowly regressing. Currently, the patient is on a regimen of acitretin 25 mg once a day with tazarotene 0.1% gel applied directly to the few residual keratoacanthomas on her feet, which are slowly improving.
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PMID:Multiple keratoacanthomas in a young woman: report of a case emphasizing medical management and a review of the spectrum of multiple keratoacanthomas. 1791 Jul 28