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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
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Sumo is an ancient sport in Japan and there are at present over 800 professional sumo wrestlers (rikishis). After entrance into the wrestler society a wrestler takes strenuous daily training together with a very high calorie diet (more than 5,000 cal). Frequency of food intake is twice a day. The average diet of Japanese people contains of 2,279 calories and the meal frequency is generally three times a day. In 96 wrestlers average actual body weight and modified Broca index was 100.4 kg and 143.5%, respectively. In this group the prevalence of overweight with obesity, overweight without obesity, nonoverweight with obesity, and nonoverweight without obesity was 53.4, 39.1, 1.0, and 6.5%, respectively. Also mean serum levels of triglyceride, phospholipid, uric acid, and total protein were significantly higher than those obtained in 89 age-matched healthy males. The incidence of diabetes mellitus, gout, and hypertension in wrestlers was 5.2, 6.3, and 8.3%, respectively, all values being considerably higher than in controls. Weight correlated significantly with skinfold thickness, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and uric acid in each group. Multiple regression analyses were made treating weight or uric acid as dependent variables in both groups. Obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hyperuricemia in wrestlers were presumed to be caused chiefly by the high calorie diet and partially by the infrequent meal intake.
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PMID:Some factors related to obesity in the Japanese sumo wrestler. 97 5

Atherosclerosis risk factor, 8,5% two, 2,7% three and 0,6% four.rs have been investigated in 194 males and 135 female, 25 years old. Elevated lipids were found in 7,3% of the sample; "labile" and stable hypertension in 2,7%; diabetes mellitus in 2,7% and overweight in 19%. 19% of the subjects smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily. Prevalence of hyperlipemia and electrocardiographic changes was higher among people in the lower socioeconomic classes. Taking into consideration hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, overweight and diabetes mellitus as risk factors, 25% exhibited one risk factor, 8.5% two, 2.7% three and 0.6% four.
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PMID:[Studies on the risk factors of arteriosclerosis in a health district region of Lombardy]. 100 70

Hypercholesterolemia is seen as an important risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), as the incidence of CAD is strongly correlated with the level of serum cholesterol in epidemiological studies. However, hypercoagulability and reduced fibrinolytic capacity, often seen in survivors of myocardial infarction, are associated with hypertriglyceridemia (possibly concomitant with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and not with increased levels of total or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The important role of thrombogenesis in CAD is supported by the fact that initial high levels of plasma fibrinogen, coagulation factor VII (VIIc), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) are all independent risk factors for CAD or recurrent myocardial infarction as found in multivariate analyses of epidemiological studies. Furthermore, high plasma levels of VIIc and PAI-1 are associated with hypertriglyceridemia, reduced glucose tolerance, overweight, and hyperinsulinemia. The contribution of thrombogenic risk factors to the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome (MCVS) is thus established. Diet intervention is preferable for the normalization of hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis associated with MCVS. In familial combined hyperlipidemia, however, and especially with concomitant thromboembolic disease, diet alone is often not sufficient, and drug treatment with anticoagulants and/or lipid-lowering drugs may be necessary.
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PMID:Hypercoagulability and reduced fibrinolysis in hyperlipidemia: relationship to the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. 128 67

This paper sums up the clinical epidemiological investigation data on risk factors (RF) of coronary heart disease (CHD) among 743 office workers, with an average age of 61.0 +/- 8.0. The investigation involved factors relating to history, physical examination, biochemistry, blood rheology and TCM Syndrome Differentiation. According to the results of the computerized single-factor correlation analysis, the incidence of CHD in RF exposed group was obviously higher than that of unexposed one, 65 RF such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipemia, smoking, body weight, HDL-C/TC, blood viscosity etc. were recorded. Using multivariate regressive analysis it revealed that hypertension, diabetes, total cholesterol, heavy cigarette smoking, overweight, diastolic pressure, cortisol, TCM senile index, Blood Stasis Syndrome, Qi Stagnation Syndrome, Qi Deficiency Syndrome and Heart Deficiency Syndrome were the main RF. The result concerning RF of Western medicine (WM) was in conformity with that at home and abroad. In addition, some TCM-RF were selected which couldn't be replaced by WM-RF. These indicate that there are TCM-RF and WM-RF in the development of CHD and it is better to adopt the method for preventing and treating CHD with combined TCM-WM. As to TCM-RF of CHD, the authors consider that there are both the factors of Deficiency and Excess, so preventing and treating CHD should aim at reinforcing the Deficiency and reducing the Excess.
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PMID:[Clinical epidemiological study on risk factors of coronary heart disease in 743 subjects]. 139 88

The relationship between obesity and type II diabetes mellitus is well established and a majority of type II diabetic individuals are classified as obese. The pathogenesis of type II diabetes mellitus is not fully understood; however, multiple organ systems are involved, including abnormalities of insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and hepatic insulin resistance. The goal of the treatment for the obese diabetic is to normalise these alterations and achieve normoglycaemia. Traditionally, the initial therapy, aiming to accomplish weight reduction, is diet and exercise. In obese type II diabetic patients, the whole body insulin-dose response curve is markedly depressed. A single exercise session improves and partially normalises both insulin responsiveness and sensitivity for glucose utilisation. Furthermore, a single bout of physical activity often results in decreased plasma glucose levels, which persists into the postoperative period. Type II diabetes patients participating in regular exercise programmes can potentially improve their metabolic control. An improved glucose control in both lean and obese type II diabetic patients under the age of 55 years has been demonstrated by improved HbA1C levels and glucose tolerance tests following physical training programmes. The effect of regular exercise on the metabolic control in these younger patients does not appear to be correlated with weight reduction. For most type II diabetic men over 55 years of age, physical training is not a feasible form of therapy because of other interfering diseases which may complicate or severely hinder all physical training apart from very low intensity exercise programmes. Lean, older, type II diabetic patients who have been able to exercise for 10 weeks or up to 2 years demonstrate no change in HbA1C levels, glucose tolerance or bodyweight. Thus, there is a clear difference in metabolic response to regular exercise between younger and older type II diabetic patients. The younger patient appears to be more inclined to respond to physical training with improvements in the metabolic control. The reason for this apparent difference is not clear, but possible explanations may include differences in training intensity, the presence or degree of complicating diseases, pretraining level of metabolic control or bodyweight. Type II diabetics are predisposed to cardiovascular disease and are characterised by hyperlipidaemia. In obese type II diabetic individuals, physical training improves the blood lipid profile as measured by decreased levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. In young, overweight diabetics, improved lipid profiles can be achieved despite no change in bodyweight, while no apparent effects are reported for lean patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Exercise training in obese diabetic patients. Special considerations. 143 93

The primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and, therefore, the therapy of hyperlipidemia is essential in strategies to lower morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), the most relevant atherosclerosis-associated disease. These programs imply not only a medical but also an economic challenge to our health system. That is why all therapeutic measures have to be evaluated regarding their cost-effectiveness. A cost-effectiveness profile was calculated for all the therapies of hyperlipidemia (nutritional therapy, dietetic nutritionals, drugs and LDL-apheresis) with respect to the following parameters: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. The daily costs of all interventional measures are compared to the success rate, whereby an index of daily therapy costs and 1% change per lipid parameter was calculated. Nutritional therapy is by far the cheapest, and LDL-apheresis the most expensive but also the most effective and reliable therapeutic measure. It has to be considered, however, that dietary intervention can be very successful in overnutrition while in rare cases of severe homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia there is no therapeutic alternative to LDL-apheresis. Life-style modifications, such as changing nutritional habits, may contribute towards reducing or removing one or more risk factor(s) (e.g. malnutrition is associated with overweight, hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP), hyperinsulinemia (syndrome X), hyperfibrinogenemia and hypertension). But neither health politicians nor the population seem to be conscious of the fact that life-style changes help to reduce medical expenditure. Considering the fact that nearly every medical service is getting more and more expensive, the need to introduce financial regulations is evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Economic aspects of therapy for lipid metabolism disorders]. 150 39

Twenty-five patients with a renal transplant for 15 months to 19.4 years, hyperlipidaemia and stable graft function underwent three months of dietary management. Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and lipoprotein electrophoresis were measured after a 12 hour fast at enrollment and after three months of diet. The aims of diet were to reduce energy intake in the overweight, restrict fat to 25-30% of total intake, reduce saturated fat content to less than 10% of total energy and cholesterol to less than 300 mg/d. After three months of diet there was a significant fall in mean cholesterol/HDL cholesterol risk ratio and a rise in mean HDL cholesterol concentration. Six patients reverted to a normal lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern with a significant reduction in mean total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, apoprotein B and apoB/apo A-1 ratio. Most of the other patients who made dietary modifications showed some improvement in their lipid parameters. Dietary modification should be the initial approach to the management of posttransplant hyperlipidaemia.
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PMID:Effect of diet on posttransplant hyperlipidaemia. 154 40

The correlations between the cardiovascular risk factors hypertension, overweight, hyperlipidemia and fibrinolysis parameters were studied in a group of 54 otherwise healthy patients (age 19 to 70 years) with essential hypertension of moderate severity. Of the 54 patients 43 were treated with antihypertensive drugs and eleven were not. The patients included in this study who were treated with antihypertensive drugs were, in spite of their treatment, still hypertensive. Lipoprotein levels and fibrinolysis parameters did not differ between the untreated and treated patients. In the patient group we found significant incidence of hypertriglyceridemia (46%) elevated LDL-cholesterol (28%) and elevated lipoprotein (a) levels (43%). In comparison with a healthy control group the hypertensive patient group showed a decreased median tissue plasminogen activator activity (interquartile range): 0.23 (0.79) IU.10(3)/l vs 1.5 (0.47) IU.10(3)/l in the controls (p less than 0.0001), an increased tissue plasminogen activator antigen concentration: 8.2 (4.5) micrograms/l vs 5.1 (3.9) micrograms/l in the controls (p less than 0.0001), an elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 level: 2.8 (2.5) AU.10(3)/l vs 1.1 (2.0) AU.10(3)/l in the controls (p less than 0.01) and a slightly increased alpha 2-antiplasmin concentration: 110 (8)% vs 98 (16)% in the controls (p less than 0.0001). Median D-dimer concentration levels were substantially increased in the hypertensive patients: 315 (263) micrograms/l vs 199 (146) micrograms/l in the controls (p less than 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fibrinolysis factors and lipid composition of the blood in treated and untreated hypertensive patients. 162 20

The relation between history of several medical conditions and procedures and risk of breast cancer was evaluated in data from a hospital-based case-control study of 2663 cases of breast cancer and 2344 controls with acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or potential risk factors for breast cancer. Whereas previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, hypertension at any age, hyperlipidaemia, cholelithiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease and physician-diagnosed subfertility were unrelated to cancer risk, history of severe obesity in postmenopausal women (odds ratio [OR] 1.4), benign breast disease (OR 1.8) and history of breast biopsies (OR 2.4) were associated with significant risk elevation. Conversely, lifelong history of menstrual irregularities (OR 0.6) seemed to confer some protection against onset of breast cancer. This study supports the hypothesis that, unlike endometrial cancer, breast cancer risk is not enhanced by medical conditions known or suspected to be linked with female hormones, with the exception of benign breast disease and severe overweight in postmenopausal women.
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PMID:Breast cancer risk and history of selected medical conditions linked with female hormones. 214 95

In 2208 boys aged 15 to 22 years the incidence of risk factors of atherosclerosis were determined. The risk factors were found in 33.7% of boys. The level of risk factors in youth has increased with age (p = 0.001), especially hypertension (p = 0.001) and smoking (p = 0.001). The authors concluded that the most important methods of prevention of atherosclerosis in youth should be: identification of high-risk individuals (overweight, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, family history of CHD and PAD, ischemic postexercise ST segment depression), health education and motivation for change, modification nutritional habits in cases of hyperlipidemia and overweight (prevention of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood), early diagnosis and control of hypertension, practice of low salt intake, avoidance of smoking, sufficient physical activity (prevention of atherosclerotic disease mainly in adulthood).
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PMID:Epidemiology of risk factors of atherosclerosis and preventive program for youth. 221 95


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