Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence on flaxseed, including expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing. Electronic searches were conducted in 9 databases, 20 additional journals (not indexed in common databases), and bibliographies from 50 selected secondary references. No restrictions were placed on the language or quality of the publications. All literature collected pertained to efficacy in humans, dosing, precautions, adverse effects, use in pregnancy/lactation, interactions, alteration of laboratory assays, and mechanisms of action. Standardized inclusion/exclusion criteria are used for selection. Grades were assigned using an evidence-based grading rationale. A review of the literature on flaxseed yielded 13 categories for which flaxseed had been studied in humans, including constipation/laxative, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease, breast cancer, cyclic mastalgia (breast pain), menopausal symptoms, hyperglycemia/diabetes, hypertension, lupus nephritis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and prostate cancer. Most of the available evidence investigates the efficacy of alpha-linoleic acid found in flaxseed compared with fish oil, and almost all of the available studies are poor quality. Although flaxseed and flaxseed oil have several promising future uses, the available literature does not support recommendation for any condition at this time.
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PMID:Flax and flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum): a review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. 1776 Nov 28

Therapy for atherosclerotic occlusive subclavian arterial disease is undergoing a paradigm shift from open to endoluminal therapy. The aim of this study was to review the changing patterns of presentation and clinical outcomes based on presenting symptoms of subclavian artery revascularization. We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients treated for symptomatic atherosclerotic occlusive subclavian arterial disease from 1992 through 2006. Mean follow-up was 4 years. One hundred fourteen patients with a mean age of 63 years (range 33-89, 61% female) underwent 137 procedures. Of these, 89% had hypertension, 32% were diabetic, 69% had hyperlipidemia, and 13% had chronic renal insufficiency. Sixty-seven primary stent attempts (five technical failures) and 70 open (64 carotid-subclavian bypasses, six subclavian-carotid transpositions) were performed. No deaths occurred within the 30-day perioperative period. Fifty-seven percent of the patients presented with symptoms of arm ischemia: exertional pain (84%), rest pain (12%), and ulceration (4%). The assisted primary patency was 81 +/- 7% and 80 +/- 10% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Symptoms resolved in all patients, and none required major or minor amputations. Freedom from recurrent arm symptoms was 71 +/- 8% and 71 +/- 10% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Twenty-five percent of the patients presented with a cardiac indication: preparation for a left internal mammary artery (IMA) bypass in 61% and recurrent cardiac ischemia in the remainder. The assisted primary patency was 97 +/- 6% at 5 years. No IMAs were abandoned in this group, and the freedom from recurrent cardiac symptoms related to IMA distribution was 79 +/- 10% at 5 years. Eighteen percent of patients presented with posterior circulation symptoms secondary to vertebrobasilar disease. The assisted primary patency was 100 +/- 0% and 100 +/- 0% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Freedom from recurrent vertebrobasilar symptoms was 95 +/- 6% and 95 +/- 10% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Subclavian artery revascularization is safe and effective, but long-term outcomes are determined by the presenting symptomatology.
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PMID:Subclavian artery revascularization: an outcome analysis based on mode of therapy and presenting symptoms. 1808 31

Alcohol (ethanol) is consumed on a daily basis by a large fraction of the population, and in many countries, light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is considered as an integral part of the diet. Although the relationship between alcohol intake and obesity is controversial, regular consumption of alcohol, through its effects in suppressing fat oxidation, is regarded as a risk factor for weight gain, increased abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. Indeed, alcohol taken with a meal leads to an increase in postprandial lipemia-an effect on postprandial metabolism that is opposite to that observed with exercise. Furthermore, although regular exercise training and/or a preprandial exercise session reduce postprandial lipemia independently of alcohol ingestion, the exercise-induced reduction in postprandial lipemia is nonetheless less pronounced when alcohol is also consumed with the meal. Whether or not alcohol influences exercise and sport performance remains contradictory. It is believed that alcohol has deleterious effects on the performance, although it may contribute to reduce pain and anxiety. The alcohol effects on sports performance depend on the type and dosage of alcohol, acute vs chronic administration, the alcohol elimination rate as well as the type of exercise.
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PMID:The effect of exercise, alcohol or both combined on health and physical performance. 1907 80

A 52-year-old Indian woman with underlying diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, presented with generalized musculoskeletal pain and oliguria for three days. The patient was taking 80 mg of simvastatin initiated 20 days earlier after cardiac catheterization for an inferior myocardial infarction. Laboratory investigations revealed the following serum levels: creatine kinase 81,620 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 2497 U/L, alanine aminotransferase 1304 U/L, blood urea nitrogen 21.7 mmol/L, creatinine 447 micromol/L, Free T4 12.6 pmol/L, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 22.7 microIU/L. Simvastatin was discontinued and the patient received forced alkaline diuresis. Her hypothyroidism was treated with thyroxin, which was continued upon discharge, and her renal function recovered within two months. This case report discusses the incidence of rhabdomyolysis in a patient with primary hypothyroidism receiving large doses of simvastatin.
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PMID:Severe rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to use of simvastatin in undiagnosed hypothyroidism. 1911 32

A 45-year-old man with a past history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presented with right dorsal pontine hemorrhage manifesting as transient burning pain in the right orbital region, followed by numbness and mild weakness of the left side of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hyperintense lesion in the right dorsal pons on T(1)-weighted and T(2)-weighted images, but no other abnormalities suggesting vascular lesions in the midbrain, medulla, cerebellum, or cerebrum. These findings were consistent with the subacute stage of small pontine hemorrhage. He was treated to decrease his blood pressure. The symptoms gradually improved and he has suffered neither recurrence of the orbital pain nor migraine for several months after the first episode of headache. The trigeminal nociceptive system in the dorsal lateral pons may be linked to this characteristic pain, as suggested by reports of secondary migraine caused by cavernous hemangioma and arteriovenous malformation, and activation of the dorsal lateral pons during migraine attacks on positron emission tomography.
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PMID:Transient burning pain in the ipsilateral orbit as an initial manifestation of dorsal pontine hemorrhage: case report. 1946 91

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, containing three isoforms (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). PPARs play a critical physiological role as a primary lipid sensor and regulator of lipid metabolism. Thus, its ligands are clinically used for treatment of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, PPAR ligands exert the antineuroinflammatory activity through preventing upregulation of inflammatory mediators in animal models for neurodegenerative disease and autoimmune disease. Neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain, clinically important one, are chronically progressed and underlain by neuroinflammation. In a few years, some studies using experimental models emerge that administration of PPAR ligands reduces inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. PPAR ligands repress expression of genes for inflammatory mediators involved in both pains, such as proinflammatory cytokines, by a molecular mechanism termed ligand-dependent direct transrepression. Alternative mechanism is independent of transcriptional regulation of target genes, such as inhibition of activity of ion channels involved in the development of inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain, and therefore the analgesic effect occurs with rapid onset. The effects of PPAR ligands on neuroinflammation in animal models suggest their possible use for treating human inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain.
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PMID:PPAR and Pain. 1960 69

This study included 49 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and arterial hypertension (AH) in whom comprehensive medical examination revealed metabolic syndrome (MA). The objective of the work was to ascertain the possibility of therapy courses using chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium mineral water and to evaluate its corrective effect on metabolic processes and functional disturbances of the biliary tract. It was shown that mineral water has beneficial effect in patients with functional incompetence of the biliary tract. Elimination of pain syndrome and resolution of dyspeptic symptoms was associated with the improvement of physico-chemical characteristics of the bile in the majority of the patients. These changes developed 1.5-2 times sooner than in the absence of therapy which substantially improved quality of life of the patients. Another positive result of mineral water consumption was the reduced level of blood lipids, in the first place that of total cholesterol and triglycerides. The efficiency of corrective action of non-medicamentous treatment modalities, such as courses of intake of chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium mineral water, in patients with functional disturbances of the biliary tract is comparable with that of recommended drug therapy. The hypolipidemic effect of chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium mineral water demonstrated in the present study allows it to be recommended as a tool for non-medicamentous correction of hyperlipidemia known to be not only a risk factor of CHD and AH but also as a constituent component of metabolic syndrome. The data obtained suggest the possibility to improve efficiency of the treatment of motor dysfunction of the biliary tract and metabolic disorders inherent in metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:[Non-medicamentous correction of metabolic and functional disorders in the biliary tract of patients with metabolic syndrome]. 1970 61

The use of propofol presents chemical and clinical concerns, including pain on injection, allergy risks, possible bacteria growth, and hyperlipidemia. These concerns have encouraged the search for alternative propofol formulations. Elimination of the soybean oil and lecithin carrier agents is difficult because the highly lipophilic diisopropyl phenol molecule does not dissolve in water. Propofol in aqueous solution would be a preferable alternative to lipid-based emulsions. One formulation of propofol is fospropofol disodium (Lusedra, Eisai Corporation of North America, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey), previously known as Aquavan (MGI Pharma, Bloomington, Minnesota). Fospropofol is an aqueous solution of a propofol prodrug intended for injection. The discovery and development of this drug may address the concerns with the current propofol emulsion formulations while offering altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for sedation. The structure, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical studies, clinical applications, and implications are discussed.
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PMID:New drug, fospropofol disodium: a propofol prodrug. 1973 49

Currently, no consensus has been reached regarding the management of hyperlipidemia in patients who develop statin-associated myalgia (SAM). Many statin-intolerant patients use alternative lipid-lowering therapies, including red yeast rice. The present trial evaluated the tolerability of red yeast rice versus pravastatin in patients unable to tolerate other statins because of myalgia. The study was conducted in a community-based setting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A total of 43 adults with dyslipidemia and a history of statin discontinuation because of myalgia were randomly assigned to red yeast rice 2,400 mg twice daily or pravastatin 20 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. All subjects were concomitantly enrolled in a 12-week therapeutic lifestyle change program. The primary outcomes included the incidence of treatment discontinuation because of myalgia and a daily pain severity score. The secondary outcomes were muscle strength and plasma lipids. The incidence of withdrawal from medication owing to myalgia was 5% (1 of 21) in the red yeast rice group and 9% (2 of 22) in the pravastatin group (p = 0.99). The mean pain severity did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. No difference was found in muscle strength between the 2 groups at week 4 (p = 0.61), week 8 (p = 0.81), or week 12 (p = 0.82). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased 30% in the red yeast rice group and 27% in the pravastatin group. In conclusion, red yeast rice was tolerated as well as pravastatin and achieved a comparable reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a population previously intolerant to statins.
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PMID:Tolerability of red yeast rice (2,400 mg twice daily) versus pravastatin (20 mg twice daily) in patients with previous statin intolerance. 2045 4

The gradual emergence of symptoms following exposure to traumatic events has presented a major conceptual challenge to psychiatry. The mechanism that causes the progressive escalation of symptoms with the passage of time leading to delayed onset post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves the process of sensitization and kindling. The development of traumatic memories at the time of stress exposure represents a major vulnerability through repeated environmental triggering of the increasing dysregulation of an individual's neurobiology. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates how the increased allostatic load associated with PTSD is associated with a significant body of physical morbidity in the form of chronic musculoskeletal pain, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease. This increasing body of literature suggests that the effects of traumatic stress need to be considered as a major environmental challenge that places individual's physical and psychological health equally at risk. This broader perspective has important implications for developing treatments that address the underlying dysregulation of cortical arousal and neurohormonal abnormalities following exposure to traumatic stress.
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PMID:The long-term costs of traumatic stress: intertwined physical and psychological consequences. 2014 46


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