Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Systemic and glomerular hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and massive proteinuria have been described as risk factors for the development of focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS). Previous studies have shown that Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats with severe hypertension have elevated glomerular pressures and develop extensive FGS. In the present study, we determined whether Dahl S rats exhibit other risk factors for FGS. Dahl S rats were found to have elevated serum triglycerides at six weeks of age, compared to Dahl salt-resistant (R) rats. Between six and 24 weeks, systemic hypertension and progressive increases in both serum lipids and albuminuria occurred in Dahl S rats fed high salt (4% NaCl) chow. No changes in blood pressure or serum lipids occurred in Dahl R rats fed high salt. At 30 weeks, the incidence of FGS was 20 times greater in hypertensive Dahl S than in Dahl R. In a separate study, we compared risk factors for FGS in Dahl S rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The magnitude of glomerular capillary pressure, serum lipid levels, and urine albumin excretion were measured in male Dahl S rats and male SHR between 12 and 20 weeks of age. Normal values for the various parameters were established in a group of normotensive male Sprague-Dawley rats. For this study, all rats were fed standard chow containing 0.6% NaCl. Blood pressure was elevated (P less than .01) in Dahl S (142 +/- 2 mm Hg) and in SHR (173 +/- 3 mm Hg) compared to the Sprague-Dawley rats (117 +/- 3 mm Hg). Glomerular capillary pressure, however, was similar in all three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors for glomerular injury in rats with genetic hypertension. 291 86

Steroid metabolism in Nagase Analbuminemia Rats (NAR), a mutant strain established from Sprague-Dawley rats, was studied. NAR are characterized by lack of serum albumin and hyperlipidemia. Total testosterone concentration in the serum of NAR was lower than that of normal rats, while the serum free testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations were similar. The half lives of 14C-labeled testosterone administered intravenously in NAR and normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were 4.4 and 4.1 min, respectively. The plasma clearance rates of testosterone in NAR and normal rats were 34.7 and 39.1 ml/min per kg body weight. On Sephadex G-100 chromatography, a mixture of [3H]testosterone and normal rat serum gave two protein peaks eluted in the void volume and the albumin fraction, and the radioactivity was eluted all in the albumin fraction. In contrast, a mixture of [3H]testosterone and NAR serum gave a single protein peak eluted in the void volume and the radioactivity was mainly eluted with this protein peak. The association constants of testosterone to NAR and normal rat sera were 1.25 and 2.24 X 10(4) M-1. Enzyme activities related to the synthesis of testosterone by the testicular microsomal fractions of NAR and normal rats were examined. The activities of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5-ene-4-ene isomerase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase, C-17-C-20 lyase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were lower in NAR than in normal rats. The activity for synthesis of testosterone from pregnenolone by the testicular microsomal fraction of NAR was about 40% of that of normal rats. These findings indicate that the low serum concentration of testosterone in NAR is mainly attributable to decreased biosynthesis of testosterone in the testes.
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PMID:Reduced activity of androgen biosynthesis in the testes of rats with analbuminemia. 308 76

The aortic permeability to 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the effect of histamine and serotonin were investigated in hamsters with diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Animals, fed a cholesterol- and butter-rich diet for five weeks, were sacrificed weekly and the level of serum cholesterol, the aortic permeability, and the morphologic aspect of the vessel wall, were analysed. During this interval, the cholesterolemia increased four-fold, and a progressive lipid accumulation in the intima was recorded. The permeability of the aortic wall was assessed by injecting 125I-BSA into the circulation and detecting the radioactivity in the aortic wall. The effect of the two vasoactive amines was determined by injecting histamine or serotonin concomitantly with the 125I-BSA. The results indicate that during the early stages of experimental hyperlipidemia in hamster, the aortic wall shows an increased permeability to albumin. The process is markedly augmented by histamine and serotonin, predominantly in the abdominal aorta.
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PMID:The permeability of aortic endothelium to 125I-BSA in hyperlipidemic hamster. Effect of histamine and serotonin. 310 41

To examine the effect of a soybean oil emulsion on essential fatty acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, preterm infants were randomized to receive 0.5 g/kg/d lipid for 5 days (n = 10, group 1) or 0.5 increased to 2.0 g/kg/d over 5 days (n = 11, group 2). Triene/tetraene ratios did not change in group 1, but decreased in group 2. In both groups, plasma phospholipid linoleate (percent and micrograms per milliliter) increased, the increase being greater in group 2. In both groups, percent content of arachidonate and 5,8,11-eicosatrienoate decreased, and that of oleate remained unchanged. In contrast, absolute content of arachidonate and oleate tended to increase, and that of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoate remained unchanged. At a lipid intake of 0.5 g/kg/d, no infants had hyperlipemia. When lipid intake exceeded 1.0 g/kg/d, the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL) and free fatty acidemia, with the free fatty acid/molar albumin ratio exceeding 6:1, increased. Plasma glycerol increased slightly, but was substantially less than the rise in enzymatically determined triglycerides. Hyperglycemia was self-limiting and did not require alteration in dextrose intake. Thus, (1) infusion of a soybean oil emulsion at 0.5 to 2.0 g/kg/d maintains essential fatty acid status and phospholipid arachidonate concentrations; (2) significant hyperlipemia occurs when lipid intake exceeds 1.0 g/kg/d; (3) hyperglycemia associated with lipid infusion tends to be self-limiting and may not require alteration in lipid or dextrose intake; and (4) enzymatically determined triglycerides may be used to monitor lipid tolerance, provided that allowance is made for a small but systematic overestimation resulting from the rise in plasma glycerol.
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PMID:Soybean oil emulsion administration during parenteral nutrition in the preterm infant: effect on essential fatty acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. 311 98

Tumor growth and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into tumor DNA in vivo are increased about 3 times in adult rats (greater than 250 g) after 1 to 2 days of starvation or the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. These tumor growth responses require hyperlipemia and are reversed by refeeding or insulin treatment, respectively. They do not occur in young tumor-bearing rats (less than about 150 g) that lack appreciable fat stores. A direct relationship between the increased rates of both [3H]thymidine incorporation and tumor growth and host hyperlipemia suggests that tumor cell renewal in vivo in fed rats is limited by substances that are present in hyperlipemic blood. In this study we used a procedure for perfusion of solid tumors in situ to measure the sensitivity of tumor [3H]thymidine incorporation to hyperlipemic blood and to identify the rate-limiting substances. Tissue-isolated Morris hepatomas (7288CTC) growing in young or adult Buffalo rats were perfused with blood from donor rats. Hyperlipemic blood for perfusion was obtained from 2-day starved tumor-bearing (Buffalo) or non-tumor-bearing (Buffalo or Lewis) rats. At the end of the perfusions the tumors were labeled with a pulse of [3H]thymidine (2 microCi/g estimated tumor wet weight). [3H]Thymidine incorporation in tumors growing in fed adult rats was increased from 80 +/- 5 (SD) dpm/micrograms DNA at zero time (before perfusion) to 209 +/- 9 dpm/micrograms DNA (n = 3) after perfusion for 3 h. Tumors growing in fed or starved young rats showed similar responses, and hyperlipemic blood from non-tumor-bearing rats was as effective as hyperlipemic blood from tumor-bearing rats. Perfusion of tumors growing in starved rats with normolipemic blood from fed adult rats decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation from 211 +/- 13 dpm/micrograms DNA before perfusion to 68 +/- 9 dpm/micrograms DNA (n = 3) after perfusion for 3 h. Cells, plasma, and plasma subfractions from hyperlipemic blood were reconstituted to whole blood using plasma, cells, and whole blood, respectively, from fed rats and the mixtures were perfused into tumors growing in fed adult rats. Mixtures containing hyperlipemic plasma, lipid extracts (ethanol:acetone, 1:1) of hyperlipemic plasma, or albumin from hyperlipemic plasma increased tumor [3H]thymidine incorporation. Free fatty acid concentrations were increased about five times in hyperlipemic plasma and perfusion of tumors with normolipemic blood containing added linoleic and arachidonic acids increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. Blood mixtures containing palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were inactive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Identification of linoleic and arachidonic acids as the factors in hyperlipemic blood that increase [3H]thymidine incorporation in hepatoma 7288CTC perfused in situ. 313 Jan 86

The multisystem involvement in acute pancreatitis (AP) is a reflection of the pancreatic gland's capacity to produce a number of potent vasoactive peptides, hormones, and enzymes. The various prognostic criteria are early evaluations of these metabolic derangements. The pathogenesis of hypocalcemia, long recognized as an indicator of severity of AP, is multifactorial. Imbalances of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-calcitonin, the interactions of glucagon, gastrin and other pancreatic hormones with PTH-calcitonin, the role of free fatty acids in binding serum calcium with albumin, and the translocation of calcium ion in muscles and liver, have been recently described but remain conflicting theories. Yet, the time-honored theory of calcium-soap formation enjoys wide acceptance. Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and occasional ketoacidosis in acute pancreatitis have been studied thoroughly. The complex cause-and-effect relationship between hyperlipidemia with acute pancreatitis needs further study. The coagulation abnormalities seem to be initiated by activated trypsin, and their role in microvascular coagulation appears to form a unifying hypothesis for major organ dysfunction, but this requires further investigation. Adult respiratory distress syndrome may be the result of active enzymes that digest pulmonary surfactant and/or microvascular thrombosis. The depression of cardiac function and shock are suspected to be secondary to vasoactive peptides such as bradykinin, or myocardial depressant factor, whose structure has yet to be elucidated. The renin-angiotensin alterations and renal complications in acute pancreatitis have received scant attention in the literature. The onset of moderate visual disturbances, or even blindness, in a patient with acute pancreatitis as a result of retinal vessel thrombosis is fortunately uncommon. Rare but interesting are the manifestations such as subcutaneous fat necrosis, arthralgia, and pancreatic encephalopathy. Despite the extensive literature on the complexities of the pathogenesis of complications of acute pancreatitis, there have been very few advances in the prevention and management of specific complications. It is hoped that further work on modification of enzymatic disturbances induced in acute pancreatitis will result in its effective treatment and prevention of serious complications.
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PMID:Systemic complications of acute pancreatitis. 328

Modern views of the pathogenesis and natural history of nephrotic syndrome have changed substantially since the early studies by Cotugno and Bright. Contrary to beliefs held 20 years ago, we do not possess a unique satisfying explanation for the induction, maintenance, and resolution of nephrotic edema, and many concepts firmly established as "classic" are now being revised or reconsidered. These include the relationship between urinary protein losses and hypoalbuminemia, which is complicated by several factors such as daily protein intake, albumin catabolism, and the possible role of albumin loss at extrarenal sites. The influence of lowered plasma albumin on the decrease in plasma volume is also quite complex, due to technical difficulties in measuring plasma volume and turnover of radio-labeled albumin. The most contentious areas are how sodium and water retention are initiated and maintained and the relationship between hypoalbuminemia, plasma oncotic pressure, and edema. While aldosterone excretion and plasma concentrations are elevated in nephrotic patients, data on the renin-angiotensin system are controversial and the renal handling of sodium is related to a host of factors including glomerular filtration rate, altered proximal tubular reabsorption, and the role of vasodilators or vasoconstrictors. The complications of nephrotic syndrome are protean and relatively common. Among those are acute renal failure, thrombosis, infections, and hyperlipidemia. Since the introduction of percutaneous biopsy, the spectrum of lesions underlying nephrotic syndrome has widened considerably, the most common being minimal change, especially in children. There are very few prognostic indicators by which response to treatment may be predicted and these include persistent microscopic hematuria.
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PMID:The nephrotic syndrome and its complications. 330 94

A reproducible, fairly narrow-sized population of rat lymph chylomicrons, approximately 100 nm, was isolated by centrifugation and combined with low levels of [1-13C]oleic acid for NMR studies. The carboxyl chemical shift was monitored as a function of aqueous pH to characterize the ionization behavior of the fatty acid in these particles. The titration curves were very similar to those for oleic acid in equivalent-sized emulsion particles composed of egg phosphatidylcholine and triolein. A simple partition-ionization model was fitted to the data to derive values for apparent ionization constant, expressed as pKapp, of 7.4-7.5 and the "true" surface to core partition coefficient of approximately 7 for oleic acid in chylomicrons. The fatty acid in chylomicrons thus appeared to be largely associated with the surface regions of these particles. Addition of bovine serum albumin to the samples showed that near physiologic pH much of the fatty acid was bound to the albumin at fatty acid to albumin-binding stoichiometries as high as 5.1 and with mass ratios of greater than 2 in favor of the lipid or lipoprotein particles. Lowering the pH of the medium shifted the distribution of fatty acid away from albumin so that at pH 5 with the emulsion, virtually all the fatty acid was associated with the lipid. The behavior observed under physiologic conditions is consistent with the rapid clearance and redistribution of fatty acid generated in these particles by lipolytic processes. However, under conditions of severe acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypoalbuminemia a significant portion of fatty acids might be retained in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants and affect subsequent metabolism.
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PMID:The ionization and distribution behavior of oleic acid in chylomicrons and chylomicron-like emulsion particles and the influence of serum albumin. 333 52

Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH), an autosomal disorder characterized by an increase in serum albumin binding of thyroxine, has been encountered in a family who was also found to have both familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC) and multiple lipoprotein type hyperlipidemia (MLH). One subject with FHC and two subjects with MLH had FDH. Although some of the laboratory parameters in hyperlipidemic patients with FDH were suggestive of hyperthyroidism, the dialyzable free thyroxine concentrations were in the normal range and the patients were clinically euthyroid. The significance of the occurrence of FDH in hyperlipidemic subjects with hypothyroidism has been discussed, especially in regard to the longer time interval that may be needed to achieve an amelioration of the hypothyroid state during treatment with a normal maintenance dose of thyroxine. Treatment of FDH patients with other drugs may require an altered dosage if the drug binds to the atypical albumin fragments characterizing this disorder.
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PMID:Coexistence of familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia with familial hypercholesterolemia and multiple lipoprotein type hyperlipidemia. 340 59

There were 72 patients (19 with hepatic failure, 10 with fulminant hepatitis, eight with paraquat poisoning, eight with rheumatoid arthritis, five with myasthenia gravis, four with hyperlipidemia, four with systemic arteriosclerosis including brain infarction, three with pemphigus vulgaris, two with multiple myeloma, two with systemic lupus erythematosus, two cases non-specific Ig-G antibody, two cases medication with an anticancer drug, one with multiple sclerosis, one with Crohn's disease with amyloid kidney and one with chronic myeloblastic leukemia) treated by plasma exchange in the Kidney Center, Tokai University School of Medicine from Jan. 1983 to Dec. 1986. We performed plasma exchange using fresh frozen plasma in 40 cases and Lactate-Ringer's solution containing albumin (4.0-5.0%) in 20 cases as the replacement fluid. In 17 cases, we performed double filtration plasma exchange with the recycle system and no replacement fluid. Although PE therapy did not constitute a basic therapy for hyperlipidemia, pemphigus vulgaris, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, it was effective in relieving severe clinical symptoms. At the present time, conventional plasma exchange does not improve the survival rate of patients with hepatic failure and fulminant hepatitis. Developments of a new artificial liver support apparatus and identity of many toxic substances in hepatic failure are necessary. No hypotension, hypovolemic shock or other significant complications were experienced.
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PMID:Clinical reports on plasma exchange in the Kidney Center, Tokai University School of Medicine. 344 83


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