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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetes mellitus occurs in many animals species. However, only a few have been utilized in systematic studies designed to answer unsolved problems associated with the disorder in man such as molecular basis, pathogenesis of the vascular and neural lesions, and the roles of diet, exercise and obesity. Among the animal models available, rodents have been studied most thoroughly for a number of reasons: a) short generation time (sexually mature at about 3 mo of age, gestation time 21 days) and life-span is approximately 3 yr; b) hyperglycemia and/or obesity is known to be inherited in several species; c) environmental factors can be controlled easily in the laboratory because of small size; and d) economic considerations. The better-known rodent diabetes/obesity syndromes may be categorized as follows: 1) hyperglycemic with ketoacidosis, nonobese (Chinese hamster, South African hamster); 2) hyperglycemic with insulin hypersecretion, moderate obesity and may develop ketoacidosis (diabetic mouse (db/db), spiny mouse, sand rat); and 3) less pronounced hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinemia, insulin "resistance" and marked obesity (obese (ob/ob), yellow (Ay) and New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, and the Zucker "fatty" rat). The PBB/Ld mouse, described here in detail for the first time, is a new strain of mouse that also fits into the latter category. Members of this strain following maturity develop an obesity that is characterized by increasing cellularity of adipose tissue, increased serum immunoreactive insulin, reduced glucose tolerance, fatty liver, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, this strain of mouse represents another model for study of adult onset obesity.
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PMID:Animal models of diabetes and obesity, including the PBB/Ld mouse. 77 Jan 97

Current treatment of obesity seems to be focused mainly on the success of losing body weight, which can be achieved, in order of increasingly drastic manoeuvres: by simple nutritional advice; professional follow-up of a negative energy balance; drugs with effects on appetite regulation, energy absorption or expenditure; total seclusion with control of every administered calorie; surgical intervention; or even jaw-wiring. The only treatment of this sort that has been convincingly shown to have long-lasting effects is surgical intervention in the gastrointestinal tract, but this can only be accepted for use in severe cases. Thus, the problem of treatment of moderate obesity is to find an effective therapeutic modality which iss efficient in maintaining a reduced weight. Obesity treatment also seems to have focused too much on the mass of excess body fat, which is not necessarily an indicator of the medical hazards of the condition. It is important to realize that the risk factor clusters following obesity are often efficiently treated by successful reduction of the obese condition. Instead of specific treatment of each of these complications by, for example, multi-pharmacological therapy, a sufficiently efficient obesity treatment would be a preferable substitute. This goal may, if necessary, be achieved by treatment with a single drug with a useful therapeutic profile, including efficiency in the long-term to prevent relapse. Chronic treatment might then be considered acceptable in the same way as chronic pharmacological treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for example. No drug has as yet proven to have these characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treatment of obesity. 133 27

Obesity is commonly associated with hyperlipidemia on the basis of clinical and epidemiological studies, but the mechanisms of that relationship are not well understood. To evaluate the contribution of obesity to fasting levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG), we retrospectively analyzed data of 209 patients (175 women and 34 men) attending our outpatient clinic to lose weight. Hyperlipidemia, namely hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of HDL-C, was more frequent in more advanced grades of obesity. Fifty per cent of men with moderate obesity were found to have hypertriglyceridemia and 41.6% showed low levels of HDL-C. However, the relationship between obesity and hyperlipidemia is confounded by age and is not significant when body mass index (BMI) is correct for age. After this correction, we only found a significant correlation (r = 0.93, p = 0.01) between BMI and hypertriglyceridemia in female patients. We conclude that hyperlipidemia and obesity are associate but their relationship is weak and influenced by age. Also important in this relationship seems to be the distribution of body fat.
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PMID:[Obesity and dyslipidemia. Nature of an association]. 195 Jun 59

The clinical and epidemiological literature is reviewed as to metabolic effects of oral contraceptives (OCs). Both the estrogens and the progestins in OCs cause biochemical alterations which have metabolic consequences. Changes in glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism suggest that the dosage of both estrogens and progestins should be minimized as much as possible. All studies with OCs show no changes in glucose tolerance, but all do consistently show elevated plasma insulin levels as a result of OC usage. This occurs because the pill causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity in healthy women. Increases in age and weight, regardless of OC usage, will also cause an increase in glucose tolerance. Oral glucose tolerance deteriorates in all OC user groups, the greatest deterioration being in the high-dose estrogen users. Women with a history of gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance should be considered high-risk pill users. Lipid abnormalities as a result of pill usage are primarily due to estrogen content. Fasting triglyceride levels are increased in all estrogen users. High-risk factors to be considered in OC prescription are: moderate obesity; diabetes; history of gestational diabetes; hypertension; history of pancreatitis, gallbladder or liver disease; physical evidence of xanthomatosis; age over 30 and smoker; age over 35; family history of hyperlipidemia; and family history of early atherosclerotic vascular disease. Many of the pill-induced protein synthesis changes are similar to those which occur during pregnancy. These, too, are due to estrogen content.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of the birth control pill. 702 12

In order to clarify lipoprotein abnormality in mild to moderate obesity (BMI > or = 25), plasma was separated by table top ultracentrifugation into VLDL (chylomicron), IDL, LDL and HDL. Chol, TG and ApoB were determined in each fraction by enzymatic and sensitive Latex method. The data were analysed according to glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia (HI). In obese subjects, irrespective of glucose intolerance, Chol, TG & ApoB levels were high in plasma, and an increase in VLDL (Chol, TG & ApoB), IDL (Chol & ApoB), LDL (Chol & ApoB), and a decrease in HDL-Chol were observed. These levels were also abnormal in nonDM particularly with HI. In DM, HI did not seem to affect hyperlipidemia. Correlation between Chol, TG and ApoB in three ApoB containing lipoprotein subfractions was noted in obesity. The ratio of Chol/ApoB and TG/ApoB in LDL was significantly lower in obesity implying that LDL particles were smaller in size. Half of nonDM patients had HI, and only 29% of DM patients had HI, and both groups had almost the same lipoprotein abnormality. Hyperlipidemia was severe in nonDMHI(+) compared to nonDMHI(-). Therefore, in hyperlipidemia of obesity, hyperinsulinemia plays a role in nonDM and hyperglycemia in DM. Insulin resistance seems to be an important factor in DM. Although the mechanism may be different, the consequence of hyperlipidemia is similar. Increased numbers of ApoB containing lipoproteins and smaller size of LDL are the characteristic features of hyperlipidemia in mild to moderate obesity. Because these quantitative and qualitative changes appear to be linked to an increased risk for premature arteriosclerosis, intensive therapy should be recommended even in mild to moderate obesity.
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PMID:[Quantitative and qualitative alterations of plasma lipoproteins in obesity]. 837 54

An association of obesity and hypertension is well recognised and there is a direct positive relationship between body weight or body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP), although the mechanisms responsible for weight-related increases of BP are still unknown. Obesity does appear to be an independent risk factor for premature mortality, especially when it is associated with other risk factors such as hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance (or diabetes), hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. However, there are differences among racial and ethnic subgroups. The aim of our study was the investigation of the prevalence of obesity and its severity among Greek hypertensive patients in comparison to normotensive controls. We have studied a large enough sample of Greek hypertensives consisting of 1101 patients (504 male/597 female, 23-85 years of age) and 242 normotensive controls (136 male/106 female, 23-75 years of age). In all patients and normotensive controls BMI (ie weight/height in 2mm) was measured, as well as the waist-to-hip (W/H) ratio. A BMI of less than 27 was accepted as normal, a BMI of 27-32 as indicating mild to moderate obesity, a BMI of 32-37 as an index of severe obesity, and a BMI > 37 as a measure of very severe obesity. Obesity in hypertensive patients was more frequent than in normotensive controls (62.5% vs 54.2%, P = 0.024), and hypertensive women were more commonly obese than hypertensive men (67.16% vs 56.8%, P = 0.002). Severe and very severe obesity was more common in hypertensive women than in men (20.7% vs 9.68%, P < 0.001, and 8.1% vs 0.52%, P < 0.0001, respectively), although obesity of severe and very severe degree was equally found in hypertensives and normotensives of both sexes. BMI of all hypertensives was significantly greater in comparison to that of normotensives (30.13 +/- 0.44 vs 26.74 +/- 0.76, mean +/- s.e., P < 0.0001); W/H ratio of hypertensives was significantly greater than that of normotensives, indicating more frequent central obesity in hypertensives. We conclude that obesity in Greek hypertensive patients is more frequent than in normotensive controls, while hypertensive women have more severe obesity than hypertensive men, and are more frequently obese than men.
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PMID:Prevalence of obesity in Greek hypertensives. 887 30

Obesity is a heterogeneous condition of variable aetiology, generally associated with pathologies such as arterial hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes and cardiac disease. These conditions, either themselves or because of the various treatments used, may further modify blood rheology in an arbitrary manner. Therefore, analyses of changes in the blood rheology induced by obesity in humans have had differing and controversial results. In our laboratory, a model of hypertriglyceridaemic obesity is provided by an inbred rat strain; the beta genotype from the IIMb/Fm strain, presenting a syndrome of moderate obesity with apparent peripubertal onset, associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and glucose intolerance that turns into diabetes. The alpha genotype, originated from the same IIM/Fm stock, represents the control. The present study describes a comparative analysis of the variables determining the rheological behaviour of the blood in obese and control strains. Our results, agreeing with some other studies performed in humans, confirmed the haemorheological changes associated with obesity, and the fact that these changes became more evident in the presence of pathologies such as diabetes. It appears that triglyceridaemia. cholesterolaemia and hyperglycaemia may influence the rheological behaviour of the cell membrane and this damage may provoke a decrease in erythrocyte deformability and, consequently, hyperviscosity of the blood.
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PMID:Haemorheological variables in a rat model of hypertriglyceridaemic obesity and diabetes. 1250 37

The TALLYHO/Jng (TH) mouse is an inbred polygenic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with moderate obesity. Both male and female TH mice are characterized by increased body and fat pad weights, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia are exhibited only in males. Reduced 2-deoxy-glucose uptake occurs in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of male TH mice. While both sexes of TH mice exhibit enlarged pancreatic islets, only males have degranulation and abnormal architecture in islets. Endothelial dysfunction and considerably decreased bone density are also observed in male TH mice. The blood pressure of male TH mice is normal. Genetic outcross experiments with non-diabetic strains revealed multiple susceptibility loci (quantitative trait loci) for obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia. In conclusion, TH mice encompass many aspects of polygenic human diabetes and are a very useful model for T2D.
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PMID:The TALLYHO mouse as a model of human type 2 diabetes. 2289 2