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 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The increasing prevalence and far-reaching medical, social, and economical implications of obesity have made it a national health-care crisis in the United States. About one in every three persons is at least 20% above "ideal" body weight, and approximately 5% have direct weight-related serious health problems (morbid obesity), including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, degenerative osteoarthropathy, and obstructive sleep apnea. Morbidly obese patients have an estimated 6- to 12-fold increase in mortality. In addition, they have a substantially diminished quality of life, not only physically but also psychosocially due to overt and occult prejudice. Weight reduction must be aggressively pursued in these patients. Medically supervised weight-control programs have been ineffective because patients cannot maintain pronounced long-term weight loss. In contrast, current operative methods have been proved to be effective in helping patients achieve and maintain permanent weight reduction. Several operations have been designed and assessed; with these procedures, weight loss is achieved by inducing malabsorption, maldigestion, early satiety, or a combination of these outcomes. Although these operations have associated side effects and limitations, the expected benefits outweigh the risks. For optimal results, patients must be carefully selected and treated by a multidisciplinary group.
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PMID:Surgical treatment of obesity: who is an appropriate candidate? 917 40

The prevalence of pediatric obesity is increasing in the United States. Sequelae from pediatric obesity are increasingly being seen, and long-term complications can be anticipated. Obesity is the most common cause of abnormal growth acceleration in childhood. Obesity in females is associated with an early onset of puberty and early menarche. Puberty is now occurring earlier in females than in the past, and this is probably related either directly or indirectly to the population increase in body weight. The effect of obesity on male pubertal maturation is more variable, and obesity can lead to both early and delayed puberty. Pubertal gynecomastia is a common problem in the obese male. Many of the complications of obesity seen in adults appear to be related to increased accumulation of visceral fat. It has been proposed that subcutaneous fat may be protective against the adverse effects of visceral fat. Males typically accumulate fat in the upper segment of the body, both subcutaneously and intraabdominally. In females, adiposity is usually subcutaneous and is found particularly over the thighs, although visceral fat deposition also occurs. Gender-related patterns of fat deposition become established during puberty and show significant familial associations. There are no reliable means for assessing childhood and adolescent visceral fat other than radiologically. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes is being seen more commonly in the pediatric population. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are noted particularly in obese children with a family history of diabetes. In this situation, a glucose tolerance test may be indicated, even in the presence of fasting normoglycemia. Hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels are the primary lipid abnormalities of obesity and are related primarily to the amount of visceral fat. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels are not typically elevated in simple obesity. The offspring of parents with early coronary disease tend to be obese. Very low-density lipoprotein and intermediate-density lipoprotein particles, which are small in size, may be important in atherogenesis but they cannot be identified in a fasting lipid panel. The propensity to atherogenesis cannot be interpreted readily from a fasting lipid panel, which therefore should be interpreted in conjunction with a family history for coronary risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia may be indicative of increased visceral fat, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial dyslipidemic hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes. Almost half of adult females with polycystic ovary syndrome are obese and many have a central distribution of body fat. This condition frequently has its origins in adolescence. It is associated with increased androgen secretion, hirsutism, menstrual abnormalities, and infertility, although these may not be present in every case. Adults with polycystic ovary syndrome adults are hyperlipidemic, have a high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes, and are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Weight reduction and lipid lowering therefore are an important part of therapy. Obstructive sleep apnea with daytime somnolence is a common problem in obese adults. Pediatric studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea occurs in approximately 17% of obese children and adolescents. Sleep disorders in the obese may be a major cause of learning disability and school failure, although this remains to be confirmed. Symptoms suggestive of a sleep disorder include snoring, restlessness at night with difficulty breathing, arousals and sweating, nocturnal enuresis, and daytime somnolence. Questions to exclude obstructive sleep apnea should be part of the history of all obese children, particularly for the morbidly obese. For many children and adolescents with mild obesity, and particularly for females, one can speculate that obesity may not be a great health risk
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PMID:Childhood obesity, adipose tissue distribution, and the pediatric practitioner. 965 56

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and snoring are associated with coronary heart disease. To assess whether OSA or snoring may contribute to this by raising fasting lipid or insulin levels, venous fasting total cholesterol, triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and insulin were measured in 15 untreated OSA patients and 18 snorers. Each of these subjects was individually matched to a control of the same sex, age +/- 10%, body index +/- 15%, smoking and drinking habits. This produced study groups which did not differ significantly by any of these criteria. Fasting venous blood samples were collected at 06.30 hours following polysomnography, and analysed blind of the subjects respiratory status. The OSA patients were then treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. In 10 of these subjects lipid and insulin levels were repeated after more than three months treatment. Lipid and insulin levels were also remeasured in the controls matched to these 10 subjects. The end points were compared with paired t-tests. There was no difference in any of the end points when the untreated OSA patients and the snorers were compared to their matched controls (P > 0.25 for all comparisons), and none of the indices changed when OSA was corrected with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (P > 0.25 for all comparisons). Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea or snoring do not have significant fasting hyperlipidaemia or hyperinsulinaemia when compared to carefully matched controls. These factors are therefore unlikely to be the cause of the excess cardiovascular mortality experienced by this patient group.
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PMID:Plasma insulin and lipid levels in untreated obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring; their comparison with matched controls and response to treatment. 1060 24

Thirty-one patients, aged 22-71 years, with nocturnal apneic episodes and/or habitual snoring were studied with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diagnostic polysomnography separately to determine whether accumulation of lactate caused by cerebral hypoxia during sleep is associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), aging and co-morbidities related to SDB. Eight proton magnetic resonance spectra for sleep and two for periods of arousal were obtained from the right centrum semiovale. All patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of co-morbidities including hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Significant lactate signals were found in seven patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) during sleep periods, and none during periods of arousal. Aging was significantly related to the presence or absence of significant lactate signals during sleep periods as determined by logistic regression analysis (beta=0.2480; 95% confidence interval, 0.0905-0.5094; P=0.0001). Apnea index (AI), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and minimum value of peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation each significantly interacted with age (P=0.0081, 0.0284, and 0.0302, respectively). Our findings suggest that SDB combined with aging is related to accumulation of lactate during sleep.
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PMID:Age-related changes in cerebral lactate metabolism in sleep-disordered breathing. 1288 83

Obesity is a life-long, progressive, life-threatening, genetically related, costly, multifactorial disease manifested by excessive fat storage. It is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities including mainly hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypoventilation, obstructive sleep apnea, degenerative arthritis and psychosocial impairment which influence the patients quality of life and ultimately limit their life expectancy. Conservative treatment of morbid and extreme obesity including diet, physical activity, behaviour modifications or pharmacotherapy is not effective in achieving a medically significant long-term weight loss. The costs of such therapy often exceed the costs of the surgical procedure. Surgical treatment of obesity was initiated over 50 years ago. Then the surgical methods were to lead to an increased excretion but finally did not prove useful. They were replaced by restrictive and malabsorption procedures. The first methods including vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) were introduced in 1982 while gastric banding in 1985. The second method including gastric bypasses or biliopancreatic diversion were implemented in the years 1966-1986. There are also some methods joining these two techniques. Nowadays as a results of minimally invasive surgery development, most of the operations can be performed laparoscopically.
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PMID:[Obesity and surgery]. 1292 68

Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and cerebrovascular diseases. A total of 114 male patients, aged 40-65 years, referred to sleep laboratory for the evaluation of snoring and disturbed sleep were studied. Subjects were divided into three groups: habitual snoring, mild-moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), respectively, determined by using three respiratory disturbance index (RDI) cut points (</=5, 5 < RDI < 30 and >/=30). Measurement of intima-media thickness (IMT) and the presence of plaque were determined by ultrasonographic evaluation. Major vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and obesity were determined. The OSA groups had significantly higher IMT values compared with the habitual snoring group. Three groups were significantly different with regard to the presence of plaque. Age and body mass index were found to be significantly associated with IMT while age and RDI were found to be most probably predictive for plaque. There were no significant differences amongst the three groups with respect to age, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, smoking, total cholesterol and total triglyceride levels. These findings suggested that SDB is a predisposing factor for the atherosclerotic process and precipitate plaque particularly when associated with higher RDI.
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PMID:Is there a link between the severity of sleep-disordered breathing and atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries? 1294 Aug 27

Breathing-related sleep disorders, particularly obstructive sleep apnea, have been largely undiagnosed in people with cardiovascular disease, probably due to limited health care provider awareness of the association between the two conditions. Solid evidence is emerging that the apneic events that occur during sleep lead to acute and chronic hemodynamic changes during wake time, including elevated sympathetic tone, decreased stroke volume and cardiac output, increased heart rate, and changes in circulating hormones that regulate blood pressure, fluid volume, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with known cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, and is considered by many sleep clinicians to be an independent risk factor for hypertension. Additionally, sleep apnea has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure and stroke. Treatment with positive airway pressure during sleep eliminates the apneic events and the ensuing acute hemodynamic changes. Improvements in daytime blood pressure and left ventricular function also have been noted in persons with hypertension and heart failure. Because effective treatment is available for sleep apnea, this condition needs to be diagnosed and treated in persons with cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Sleep-disordered breathing and the association with cardiovascular risk. 1501 52

The surgical treatment of obesity is indicated in patients who have failed sincere attempts at medical therapies to lose weight. The BMI must exceed 40 or exceed 35 and be associated with at least two comorbid conditions. Comorbid conditions include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, hyperlipidemia, and other weight related conditions that may benefit from weight loss. Patients need to be educated concerning the specific operation to be performed. They must be taught what they need to do to optimize the likelihood of success of the surgery, and they must have an understanding concerning the potential adverse side effects. When this format is followed, bariatric surgery is a legitimate treatment for morbid obesity, and the only treatment that is generally successful.
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PMID:Bariatric surgery. 1575 12

To control diabetic retinopathy, we need not only to detect it promptly, but also to manage common systemic comorbid conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and smoking--all of which tend to accelerate its course and increase its severity.
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PMID:Diabetic retinopathy: treating systemic conditions aggressively can save sight. 1592 58

Obstructive sleep apnea, a syndrome leading to recurrent intermittent hypoxia (IH), has been associated previously with hypercholesterolemia, independent of underlying obesity. We examined the effects of experimentally induced IH on serum lipid levels and pathways of lipid metabolism in the absence and presence of obesity. Lean C57BL/6J mice and leptin-deficient obese C57BL/6J-Lep(ob) mice were exposed to IH for five days to determine changes in serum lipid profile, liver lipid content, and expression of key hepatic genes of lipid metabolism. In lean mice, exposure to IH increased fasting serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, phospholipids (PLs), and triglycerides (TGs), as well as liver TG content. These changes were not observed in obese mice, which had hyperlipidemia and fatty liver at baseline. In lean mice, IH increased sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) levels in the liver, increased mRNA and protein levels of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1), an important gene of TG and PL biosynthesis controlled by SREBP-1, and increased monounsaturated fatty acid content in serum, which indicated augmented SCD-1 activity. In addition, in lean mice, IH decreased protein levels of scavenger receptor B1, regulating uptake of cholesterol esters and HDL by the liver. We conclude that exposure to IH for five days increases serum cholesterol and PL levels, upregulates pathways of TG and PL biosynthesis, and inhibits pathways of cholesterol uptake in the liver in the lean state but does not exacerbate the pre-existing hyperlipidemia and metabolic disturbances in leptin-deficient obesity.
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PMID:Intermittent hypoxia induces hyperlipidemia in lean mice. 1612 34


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