Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
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The principle objective of this investigation was to establish the frequency and form of the arterial hypertension in children between 7 and 16 years in urban and rural population. Specific goals were to determine by screening method, i.e., by elimination, the arterial hypertension prevalence in relation to permanent residence (town-village), age and sex of children; to determine, by the same method, the prevalence of the essential and borderline arterial hypertension; to test the risk factors in patients with essential and borderline arterial hypertension: obesity, hereditary predisposition (relatives of the first and second line), lipids, and ten-year follow-up of children with essential arterial hypertension. The examination included 3000 children (age 7-16 years) during regular school days. Essential arterial hypertension in this study was defined as blood pressure continuously higher than 95th percentile for age and sex in at least three different measurements; secondary causes of hypertension were excluded by available clinical, laboratory and functional investigations. Borderline hypertension was defined as blood pressure continually higher than 90th percentile, and from time to time higher than 95th percentile for age and sex in at least three measurements, when the secondary causes of hypertension were excluded. The obtained results were the basis for the following conclusions: Prevalence of arterial hypertension for all children was 0.93% and was the lowest in children aged 7-8 years (0.83%), and the highest in chil dren aged 15-16 years (2.96%). Prevalence of the essential arterial hypertension was 0.37% and of borderline arterial hypertension 0.56%. Prevalence of the arterial hypertension was higher in urban than in rural population of children (1.09:0.55%), but without statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Hypertension was verified in 60.7% of family members of children with increased blood pressure. 21.4% of hypertensive children were overweight. Hyperlipidemia was noted in 4 children with essential hypertension. All children with arterial hypertension underwent 24-hours Holter monitoring. Patients with essential arterial hypertension had sinus tachycardia in 95% and patients with borderline hypertension in 60% (in stress and pressure).
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PMID:[Arterial hypertension frequency in urban and rural population of children]. 1620 4

Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Selectins, cell-surface adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte rolling and attachment to the vascular endothelium, play a role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether or not serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules are elevated in patients with essential hypertension (EH) and examined whether antihypertensive therapy lowers such levels. Twenty-one patients who had untreated mild to moderate EH without diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or obesity were recruited at a clinic for hypertensive patients. Blood pressure was measured, and the serum levels of soluble E-selectin, P-selectin, L-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular-cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays before and after 12, 24, and 53 weeks of antihypertensive treatment with benidipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker, given at a dose of 6 mg/day for 53 weeks. As a control, 21 age- and sex-matched patients without hypertension were studied. Serum E- and P-selectin levels were significantly higher in the subjects with EH than in the controls (p < 0.01). There were no differences in serum levels of soluble L-selectin, VCAM-1, or ICAM-1 levels between the patients with EH and the controls. Treatment with benidipine decreased the elevated blood pressure over a 53-week study period (mean blood pressure: 119.8 +/- 6.5 mmHg at baseline, 101.0 +/- 5.9 mmHg at 12 weeks, 98.6 +/- 7.3 mmHg at 24 weeks, and 93.9 +/- 5.5 mmHg at 53 weeks). Serum levels of soluble E- and P-selectin decreased after the initiation of benidipine treatment and correlated with diastolic blood pressure. Serum levels of soluble L-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 did not change significantly during the period of benidipine treatment. Benidipine treatment reduced the content of P-selectin in the platelets from patients with EH, as determined by Western blot analysis. In conclusion, decreased blood pressure may reduce the rate of progression of atherosclerosis by affecting the expression of E- and P-selectin in the endothelium, the platelets, or both. Benidipine may be protective against vascular damage in people with hypertension, not only by lowering blood pressure, but also by inhibiting the expression of selectins.
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PMID:Elevation of serum soluble E- and P-selectin in patients with hypertension is reversed by benidipine, a long-acting calcium channel blocker. 1655 75

Human essential hypertension is due to interacting genetic and environmental factors. Spontaneously hypertensive rats have been genetically selected as models in this setting. The genetically hypertensive rat model that we have selected is the only one to associate mild hypertension with a "metabolic syndrome" (increased body weight, proteinuria and hyperlipidemia and elevated insulin/glucose ratio). This is a renin-dependent model of hypertension, in which low-dose (non antihypertensive) angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy affords significant and durable nephroprotection.
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PMID:[Human essential hypertension and genetic hypertension in rats: the Lyon model]. 1687 49

Assessment of cavernosal perfusion in men with erectile dysfunction (ED) relies on Doppler spectrum analysis of pharmachologically stimulated peak systolic velocity (sPSV) in cavernous arteries but its accuracy in identifying men affected by a cavernosal perfusion disorder correlated with atherosclerosis remains undefined. We estimated by B-mode ultrasound, the accuracy of sPSV of cavernous arteries to identify ED with an expected cavernosal perfusion disorder. This was predicted by an elevated intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries, a reference methodology to estimate the degree of generalized atherosclerosis, in men exposed to vascular risk factors (VRFs). sPSV and IMT were evaluated in 269 men with ED, 49 had no VRFs, 100 were overweight with/or without hyperlipidaemia, 120 were affected by type 2 diabetes and/or essential hypertension. sPSV was significantly lower (p<0.05) in patients with VRFs associated with atherosclerosis (IMT>or=1 mm) (n=39) than in men with no VRFs and no atherosclerosis (n=49). sPSV correlated negatively with age (p<0.0001), with serum% of glycated haemoglobin (p=0.010) and with carotid artery IMT (p=0.013). An sPSV<or=30 cm/sec, the cut-off value which showed at receiver operating characteristic curve analysis the combined highest value of sensitivity and specificity, correctly identified only 57% of men in whom a cavernosal perfusion disorder was expected based on the presence of carotid artery IMT>or=1 mm combined to the exposure to VRFs. The ultrasonographic evaluation of sPSV had a very limited accuracy in discriminating ED with an expected cavernosal perfusion disorder, based on the presence of a generalized atherosclerosis in men with VRFs.
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PMID:Penile duplex pharmaco-ultrasonography of cavernous arteries in men with erectile dysfunction and generalized atherosclerosis. 1720 82

We previously selected a group of hypertension candidate genes by a key word search using the OMIM database of NCBI and validated 525 coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 179 hypertension candidate genes by DNA sequencing in a Japanese population. In the present study, we examined the association between 61 non-synonymous SNPs and blood pressure variations and hypertension. We used DNA samples taken from 1,880 subjects in the Suita study, a population-based study using randomly selected subjects. Analyses of covariance adjusting for age, body mass index, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, drinking, and antihypertensive medication revealed that 17 polymorphisms in 16 genes (APOB, CAST, CLCNKB, CTNS, GHR, GYS1, HF1, IKBKAP, KCNJ11, LIPC, LPL, P2RY2, PON2, SLC4A1, TRH, VWF) were significantly associated with blood pressure variations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for the same factors revealed that 11 polymorphisms in 11 genes (CAST, CTLA4, F5, GC, GHR, LIPC, PLA2G7, SLC4A1, SLCI8A1, TRH, VWF) showed significant associations with hypertension. Five polymorphisms in five genes, CAST(calpastatin), LIPC (hepatic lipase), SLC4A1 (band 3 anion transporter), TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), and VWF (von Willebrand factor), were significantly associated with both blood pressure variation and hypertension. Thus, our study suggests that these five genes were susceptibility genes for essential hypertension in this Japanese population.
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PMID:Association of sixty-one non-synonymous polymorphisms in forty-one hypertension candidate genes with blood pressure variation and hypertension. 1713 17

Androgenetic alopecia is considered to be associated with coronary heart disease but the explanation of this association remains unknown. Hypertension is highly prevalent in patients with coronary heart disease. Essential hypertension is linked to hyperaldosteronism and spironolactone, an antihypertensive drug which is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has been used for a long time in the treatment of androgenic alopecia. We recently observed in a double transgenic mouse model that overexpression of a mineralocorticoid receptor targeted to the skin induced the development of alopecia. We prospectively studied the association of hypertension and androgenetic alopecia in Caucasian men. Two hundred and fifty Caucasian men aged 35-65 years were consecutively recruited by 5 general practitioners (50 per practitioner). Data collected included age, androgenetic alopecia score with a simplified Norwood's score (0-4), blood pressure or history of hypertension, smoking, history of diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia, familial history of androgenetic alopecia, and treatment. Chi-square, Fisher exact tests and linear regression model were used for statistical analysis. Hypertension was strongly associated to androgenetic alopecia (p < 0.001). Linear regression tests confirmed that this association was independent of age : odds ratio was 2.195 (95% CI : 1.1-4.3). Familial history of androgenetic alopecia was also strongly associated with androgenetic alopecia : odds ratio was 10.870 (95% CI : 4.3-27.1). Other variables (diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, treatment) were not associated with androgenetic alopecia. We were limited by a relatively small study sample but in this study androgenetic alopecia was strongly associated with hypertension. Association of androgenetic alopecia and hyperaldosteronism warrants additional studies. The use of specific mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists could be of interest in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia.
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PMID:Association of androgenetic alopecia and hypertension. 1747 84

Essential hypertension can be defined as a rise in blood pressure of unknown cause that increases risk for cerebral, cardiac, and renal events. In industrialised countries, the risk of becoming hypertensive (blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg) during a lifetime exceeds 90%. Essential hypertension usually clusters with other cardiovascular risk factors such as ageing, being overweight, insulin resistance, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Subtle target-organ damage such as left-ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, and cognitive dysfunction takes place early in the course of hypertensive cardiovascular disease, although catastrophic events such as stroke, heart attack, renal failure, and dementia usually happen after long periods of uncontrolled hypertension only. All antihypertensive drugs lower blood pressure (by definition) and this decline is the best determinant of cardiovascular risk reduction. However, differences between drugs exist with respect to reduction of target-organ disease and prevention of major cardiovascular events. Most hypertensive patients need two or more drugs for blood-pressure control and concomitant statin treatment for risk factor reduction. Despite the availability of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, hypertension and its concomitant risk factors remain uncontrolled in most patients.
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PMID:Essential hypertension. 1770 55

We examined oxidative stress and metabolic characteristics of the spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidemic rat (SHHR) when it was fed a high-fat diet and sucrose solution (HFDS) after N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester ingestion to develop a rat model of metabolic syndrome. This study was carried out to assess the effects of pioglitazone on levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma and liver tissue in HFDS-SHHR compared with Sprague-Dawley rats (SD). In the HFDS-treated groups, levels of LPO, CAT, GPx, and NEFA were elevated and levels of Cu,Zn-SOD were reduced in the plasma and liver tissue, with a marked accumulation of visceral fat. The changes induced by HFDS feeding were severe in the SHHR model that had essential hypertension and hyperlipidemia, when compared with SD that did not have these essential risk factors. Subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg per day of pioglitazone for 2 months significantly restored levels of LPO, CAT, GPx, Cu,Zn-SOD, and NEFA in the HFDS-SHHR group, and visceral fat accumulation was reduced. These results suggest that HFDS-SHHR is a suitable model of metabolic syndrome and that pioglitazone treatment can improve oxidative dysregulation in this rat model.
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PMID:Effects of pioglitazone on increases in visceral fat accumulation and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive hyperlipidemic rats fed a high-fat diet and sucrose solution. 1791 67

Basic aim of this investigation was to determine the frequency and the form of the arterial hypertension in children between 7 and 16 years in urban and rural population. Particular aims were to determine by screening method, i.e., by elimination, the arterial hypertension prevalence in relation to the permanent addres (town-village), age and sex of children; to determine, by the same method, the prevalence of essential and borderline arterial hyipertension; to test the factors of risk in the patients with essential and borderline arterial hypertension: obesity, hereditary predisposition (relatives of first and second order) and lipid. The examination included 3000 children (age 7-16 years) during regular school days. Essential hypertension in this study was defined as blood pressure permanently higher than 95th percentile for age and sex on at least three distinguished measurements; secondary causes of hypertension were excluded by the available clinical, laboratory and functional investigation. Borderline hypertension was defined as blood pressure permanently higher than 90th percentile, and from time to time, higher than 95th percentile for age and sex on at least three measurements, when the secondary causes of hypertension were excluded. The results allowed the following conclusions: Prevalence of arterial hypertension for all children was 0.93% and was lowest in children aged 7-16 years (0.83%), and the highest in children aged 15-16 years (2.96%). Prevalence of essential hypertension was 0.37%, and of borderline hypertension 0.56%. Prevalence of arterial hypertension was greater in urban than in rural population of children (1,09:0.55%), but without statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Hypertension was established in 60.7% of members of families of children with increased blood pressure. 21.4% of hypertensive children were overweighted. Hyperlipidemia was noted in 4 children with essential hypertension.
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PMID:[Arterial hypertension frequency in urban and rural population of children]. 1797 53

Protein tyrosine kinase 2beta (PTK2B) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family and is activated by angiotensin II through Ca2+-dependent pathways. An evidence exists that PTK2B is involved in cell growth, vascular contraction, inflammatory responses, and salt and water retention through activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. To examine the contribution of PTK2B, we sequenced the PTK2B gene using 48 patients with hypertension, identified 62 genetic polymorphisms, and genotyped six representative single nucleotide polymorphisms in population-based case-control samples from 3655 Japanese individuals (1520 patients with hypertension and 2135 controls). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustments for age, body mass index, present illness (hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus), and lifestyle (smoking and drinking) showed -22A>G to have an association with hypertension in men (AA vs. AG+GG: odds ratio=1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.57; P=0.030). Another polymorphism, 53484A>C (K838T), in linkage disequilibrium with -22A>G showed a marginal association with hypertension in men (AA vs. AC+CC: odds ratio=1.25; 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.57; P=0.059). Diastolic blood pressure was 1.6 mmHg higher in men with the AC+CC genotype of 53484A>C than those with the AA genotype (P=0.003), after adjustments for the same factors. These polymorphisms are in linkage disequilibrium with others in a range of 113 kb in PTK2B. The intracellular distribution of the recombinant PTK2B protein and that of the mutant protein with T838 were indistinguishable even after angiotensin II stimulation, both proteins localizing at a focal point in the peripheral area in the cells. Thus, a haplotype in PTK2B may play a role in essential hypertension in Japanese.
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PMID:Protein tyrosine kinase 2beta as a candidate gene for hypertension. 1807 63


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