Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of chronic cigarette smoking on cerebral blood flow were investigated by measuring gray matter blood flow (Fg) using xenon 133 inhalation among 192 volunteers without cerebrovascular symptoms. There were 108 normal, healthy volunteers; 84 had risk factors for stroke (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and/or heart disease). Of both risk and nonrisk groups, 75 were habitual smokers (0.5 to 3.5 packs per day for 25 years). Comparisons of mean Fg values for both hemispheres showed significant reductions related to tobacco consumption and risk factors for stroke. Multiple-regression equations using smoking, age, risk, and alcohol consumption indicated a combined R2 value of 0.22. Smoking seems to be a potent risk factor decreasing cerebral blood flow probably by enhancing cerebral arteriosclerosis. Chronic cigarette smoking in persons with other risk factors further reduced Fg values in an additive manner when compared with subjects who had corresponding risk factors who did not smoke.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking decreases cerebral blood flow suggesting increased risk for stroke. 664 57

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the benefits and the potential risks of a very low calorie protein-diet in obese patients with metabolic abnormalities and at increased cardiovascular risk. To this end, the 420 kcal diet (with 50% of energy as protein) was administered for 10 days to 10 grossly obese subjects with glucose intolerance, hyperlipemia, arterial hypertension, ischemic cardiopathy and thrombotic risk related to high levels of fibrinogen factor VIII and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Weights loss averaged 360 g/day with a mean protein loss of 17 g/day occurring essentially during the very early phase of the diet. There was a rapid normalisation of blood pressure, plasma lipids and glycaemia. With the exception of a slightly negative potassium balance other ion remained in balance. There was no change in electrocardiogram, in parameters of blood coagulation or in hepatic and renal function. There was only a moderate increase in ketonaemia and plasma urate. It appears therefore, that an 8 to 10 day very low calorie protein-diet is well tolerated even in obese patients with increased cardiovascular risk, and that it corrects of several metabolic abnormalities without alteration in cardiac, hepatic or renal function.
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PMID:[Evaluation of tolerance of a modified protein diet in obese subjects]. 665 61

Indications and complications of estrogen replacement therapy are discussed in this edited transcription of a conference held at the UCLA School of Medicine. Although many of the symptoms of loss of ovarian function can be corrected by estrogen replacement therapy, several potentially harmful side effects are associated with the administration of estrogen. Hot flashes, the most common menopausal symptom for which women seek treatment, may continue over extended periods of time and the loss of ovarian feedback signals. Several types of evidence indicate that hot flashes are centrally rather than peripherally mediated disturbances, and it now appears that the hypothalamic factors which stimulate pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone play an integral role in initiation of hot flashes. The fact that the extent of estrogen deficiency differs among postmenopausal women may explain why all women do not have hot flashes. The effects of body size on estrogen production and plasma protein binding appear to be significant variables modulating the extent of estrogen deficiency and hypothalamic function. Other studies suggest that calcitonin and gonadal steroids are linked in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis, but the mechanism of action of estrogen replacement therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis has not been elucidated. Most investigations have failed to show the presence of estrogen receptors in bone. It is likely that the term osteoporosis includes heterogeneous skeletal disorders and that both sex hormones and calcemic hormones are important in pathogenesis. Further research is required on the possible effect of estrogen replacement therapy in decreasing relative risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease. Vaginal atrophy is an accepted indication for estrogen replacement, but its use for skin indications should not be recommended until a beneficial cosmetic effect is shown. Complications of estrogen replacement include endometrial cancer, breast cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gallbladder disease, the latter 3 apparently resulting from hepatic action of estrogen replacement therapy. Because of the enhanced hepatic action of orally administered estrogen, other routes of administration are being explored. Additional research is needed to define the risk-benefit ratio of estrogen replacement therapy.
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PMID:Estrogen replacement therapy: indications and complications. 682 55

17 patients on maintenance hemodialysis were monitored for cardiac arrhythmias using ambulatory electrocardiographic recording. Atrioventricular dissociation was found in a patient with an elevated serum digoxin concentration, intradialytic supraventricular tachycardia had been present in a second patient during acute uremic pericarditis prior to the study. Ventricular premature beats (VPB) were absent or of low grade (occasional/uniform) in 14 patients and did not increase on dialysis. 3 patients had potentially dangerous VPB of higher grades (multiform, salvos or R on T) which occurred on or after dialysis in 2. 2 of these 3 patients were overdigitalized, and 2 had severe cardiac disease (amyloid, old myocardial infarction). Several other risk factors (age, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, smoking, hyperlipidemia, electrolyte changes) did not seem to be of importance for VPB. In these patients on maintenance hemodialysis, potentially dangerous VPB were rare and occurred mainly during or after dialysis in patients with preexisting heart disease and/or digitalization.
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PMID:Cardiac arrhythmias in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. 683 65

The present study has been devoted to the analysis of 120 patients presenting with reversible focal cerebral ischemia without conventional signs of cardiopathy and/or relevant atherosclerotic disease. In 77% of the patients vascular risk factors, such as hypertension or hyperlipemia, were present. In 23% of the patients, no abnormal finding was discovered at clinical, hematochemical and cardiological examinations. In these patients a further cardiological evaluation was performed with echocardiography. Dynamic electrocardiography was performed in 52 patients. Echocardiography and dynamic electrocardiography revealed the occurrence of 6 cases of mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 2 cases of frequent premature ventricular beats, and 1 proximal atrial arrhythmia. All 6 cases of MVP were detected in the subgroups of patients without vascular risk factors. In our patients younger than 45 years, the relative frequency of MVP attains 21.5%. This study confirms that MVP has to be regarded as a risk factor for focal cerebral ischemia in young patients.
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PMID:Mitral valve prolapse as a risk factor for TIA. A study with echocardiography and dynamic ECG. 688 93

Neurotoxic effects of habitual alcohol consumption were investigated by correlating the subjects' estimates of abstinence or frequency and amount of alcohol consumed with measurements of gray matter blood flow utilizing the 133Xe inhalation method. Two hundred and twenty-two subjects were studied, including 136 healthy subjects, 82 subjects with well-established risk factors for stroke (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus), and four subjects with chronic alcoholic dementia of the Wernicke-Korsakoff type. Subjects were classified according to average quantitative amounts of alcohol consumed per day, week, or month for the past five years. Comparisons of mean values for hemispheric gray matter blood flow indicated significant inverse relationships with the average amounts of alcohol consumed. This linear relationship occurred regardless of whether or not other risk factors were present and indicated that alcohol itself was a risk factor reducing gray matter blood flow and had additive effects of reducing cerebral blood flow further when combined with other risk factors. Patients who had chronic Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome had the most severely reduced blood flow levels, as might be predicted from extrapolation of the regression line comparing cerebral blood flow values with the degree of chronic alcohol consumption.
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PMID:Reductions in regional cerebral blood flow associated with chronic consumption of alcohol. 688 80

Hyperlipidemias represent one of the most important risk factors for the development of premature atherosclerotic disease. If prevention of ischaemic cardiovascular disease, which is responsible for about 50% of the deaths in Western Europe, should be successful, diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemic states should start as early as possible. A short overview concerning the composition and the metabolism of the lipoproteins is given and theoretical and practical aspects for the classification of the different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia during childhood are pointed out. Laboratory determinations are described and therapeutic approaches of the main pediatric hyperlipidemias are given: polygenetic and combined familial hyperlipidemias should be treated by diet alone, whereas familial hypercholesterolemias request drug treatment: cholestyramine, given in doses between 4 and 8 g seems to be the drug of choice. Possible future aspects of drug treatment are discussed, even those who are shown to increase the number of LDL-receptors, which are blocked in that disease. Finally, efforts are emphasized to screen all children of families, in which premature heart disease or hypercholesterolemia occur.
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PMID:[Diagnosis, clinical features and treatment of hyperlipidemias in children]. 717 16

One hundred and one patients below 45 years and showing objective signs of cerebral ischemia were studied retrospectively for pathogenic factors. Twelve were below 15 years; the male to female ratio was 1:1. Factors known as predisposing (heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus or infectious diseases) and other possible factors (e.g. trauma, abuse) were found in 41 patients. Among women using contraceptive pills there might be an increased risk of development of cerebral thrombosis, but the material was not large enough to warrant statistical analysis. In 64 patients one or more abnormal coagulation values were found, the most frequent being a deficient vessel wall fibrinolysis, which was noted in 38%. We therefore consider it worthwhile to investigate the fibrinolytic defence mechanism of the vessel wall in patients with cerebral thrombosis, since it is possible to treat this condition with specific fibrinolytic stimulating agents.
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PMID:Coagulation studies in children and young adults with cerebral ischemic episodes. 732 67

Hyperlipidemia and high blood pressure have clearly evolved as major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. High fat intake, obesity, and cigarette smoking have been shown to be root causes of such risk. Ecologic correlations and case-control studies have provided evidence that hyperlipidemia and obesity certainly have their beginnings during childhood, and that the onset of cigarette smoking at a young age escalates the risk for coronary artery disease. Thus, preventive measures will have the greatest impact when applied at an early age. In fact, several fine comprehensive school health education programs (eg, Health Ahead/Heart Smart, Know Your Body) have demonstrated that behavior can be changed and that the risk factors for heart disease can be reduced. Such programs are most cost effective when they are multifactorial in nature and address health promotion on a broad scale. Therefore, comprehensive school health education programs should be a component of national health-care reform. The investment in early health education will pay off by deterring chronic diseases in adulthood and will thus contribute to a healthier nation.
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PMID:From the discovery of risk factors for coronary artery disease to the application of preventive measures. 750 14

Recently, the prevalence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the elderly patients has increased. The clinical features have not been extensively studied, so this study attempted to clarify the clinical course and prognosis of elderly patients with AMI. The patients were divided into two groups, those over 80 years old and those between 60 and 79 years old. The clinical symptoms, electrocardiographic findings, complications, and short-term prognosis were compared. The serum lipid levels were compared between the AMI groups and age-matched control groups consisting of subjects without sclerotic heart disease. There was no significant difference in clinical symptoms between the two groups, electrocardiographic findings, incidence of complications, and mortality. The total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, and atherogenic index were significantly higher in the 60-79 years old AMI group, but no significant difference was observed in the 80 years and over AMI group compared to the control group. The HDL cholesterol level of the 60-79 years old AMI group was significantly lower, but no significant difference was observed in the 80 years and over group. There was no significant difference in triglyceride level in either AMI group. Therefore, in patients aged 60-79 years hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, but the relationship between serum lipid and AMI is not positively established in patients older than 80 years. These results suggest that the significance of hyperlipidemia in patients over 80 years old should be reconsidered.
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PMID:[Serum lipid states in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction: comparison between patients aged 60 to 79 and 80 years and over]. 772 71


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