Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

BR-931 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio-(N-beta-hydroxyethyl)-acetamide], a new hypolipidemic agent of low toxicity, was evaluated in several tests of lipolysis and hyperlipidemia in rats, and in the cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Significant hypolipidemic activity was observed in rats with doses of the agent at 12.5--50 mg/kg. In the Triton-induced hyperlipidemia, 50 mg BR-931 per kg was equieffective as 200 mg of clofibrate (CPIB) per kg. In contrast with CPIB, BR-931 exerted a powerful antilipolytic activity against epinephrine, ACTH, nicotine and cold exposure. BR-931 was particularly effective in diet-induced hyperlipidemias. Ethanol lipemia was totally prevented by the agent at 100 mg/kg. With Nath's diet, doses as low as 25 mg/kg significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. In these last two tests, the distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol was also determined. CPIB did not affect HDL cholesterol levels that had been decreased by the diets; in contrast, BR-931, already at doses of 50 mg/kg, brought the HDL/total cholesterol ratio back toward normal. A significant HDL cholesterol increase, together with some reduction of atheromatosis, was also observed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. BR-931, a potent inducer of liver peroxisones and of mitochondrial carmitine acetyltransferase, appears to be a hypolipidemic agent of high efficacy and low toxicity for the clinical treatment of hyperlipidemias and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Pharmacological profile of BR-931, a new hypolipidemic agent that increases high-density lipoproteins. 20 96

A variety of DNA markers for apolipoprotein genes were examined among patients with angiocardiographically proven heart disease and among a variety of normal individuals with various lipid values. An increased frequency of an apoAI-CIII SstI RFLP and an apoB minisatellite (allele 5) was found among patients with CHD. Higher levels of cholesterol were found among carriers of the rare apoB TaqI and the common apoCII TaqI variants, whereas higher levels of triglycerides were found in carriers of the common apoAII MspI and the rare apoB XbaI variants. Lower levels of HDL were found among carriers of the common apoAII MspI and the rare apoB PvuII variants. The biological significance of these results and those of other investigators for the pathogenesis of CHD and hyperlipidemia is suggestive but not yet fully clarified. Additional genetic epidemiologic studies and family investigations will be required. Currently used statistical methodology may lead to false inferences regarding the genetic equilibrium or disequilibrium status of closely linked DNA variants. Conclusions regarding the presence of genetic equilibrium if closely linked flanking markers are in disequilibrium may be faulty.
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1986
PMID:Molecular genetics of apolipoproteins and coronary heart disease. 288 66

A prospective randomised trial was performed on 100 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without concomitant procedure. The study group commenced oral verapamil 40 mg three times daily on the first post-operative day while the control group received no antiarrhythmic agents. The pre-operative characteristics of both groups were similar with the exception of the incidence of hyperlipidemia which was greater in the verapamil group (P = 0.04). Myocardial protection was achieved with cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Cardiopulmonary bypass times, aortic cross clamp times and graft numbers were similar for both groups. Nine patients were excluded on the first post-operative day; the remainder were studied for 8 days. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia) were detected in 8 patients in the study group (n = 44) and in 5 patients in the control group (n = 47). The difference was not significant (P = 0.3). The ventricular rate in patients taking verapamil who developed supraventricular tachycardia was 138 +/- 14.9 compared with 156.8 +/- 17.9 in the control group, but the difference failed to reach significant levels (P = 0.065). In conclusion, prophylactic oral verapamil 40 mg given three times daily after coronary artery surgery failed to decrease the incidence of post-operative supraventricular tachycardia or to significantly influence the ventricular rate if tachycardia developed.
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PMID:Oral verapamil fails to prevent supraventricular tachycardia following coronary artery surgery. 389 51

Vitamins are a group of organic compounds occurring naturally in food and are necessary for good health. Lack of a vitamin may lead to a specific deficiency syndrome, which may be primary (due to inadequate diet) or secondary (due to malabsorption or to increased metabolic need), and it is rational to use high-dose vitamin supplementation in situations where these clinical conditions exist. However, pharmacological doses of vitamins are claimed to be of value in a wide variety of conditions which have no, or only a superficial, resemblance to the classic vitamin deficiency syndromes. The enormous literature on which these claims are based consists mainly of uncontrolled clinical trials or anecdotal reports. Only a few studies have made use of the techniques of randomisation and double-blinding. Evidence from such studies reveals a beneficial therapeutic effect of vitamin E in intermittent claudication and fibrocystic breast disease and of vitamin C in pressure sores, but the use of vitamin A in acne vulgaris, vitamin E in angina pectoris, hyperlipidaemia and enhancement of athletic capacity, of vitamin C in advanced cancer, and niacin in schizophrenia has been rejected. Evidence is conflicting or inconclusive as to the use of vitamin C in the common cold, asthma and enhancement of athletic capacity, of pantothenic acid in osteoarthritis, and folic acid (folacin) in neural tube defects. Most of the vitamins have been reported to cause adverse effects when ingested in excessive doses. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the risk-benefit ratio before embarking upon the use of high-dose vitamin supplementation for disorders were proof of efficacy is lacking.
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PMID:Vitamin therapy in the absence of obvious deficiency. What is the evidence? 623 Feb 19

Epidemiological data indicate that omega-3 fatty acids protect from cardiovascular diseases and hyperlipidemia. Cold water fish is the major recognized source of omega-3 fatty acids but fish is not a staple food in many countries. Since terrestrial green plants may also represent a source of omega-3 fatty acids we tested the hypothesis that platelet rich plasma and milk from cows feeding exclusively on green grass contains more omega-3 fatty acids than milk from cows fed conserved grass. The relative concentrations of linolenic acid (18:3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (20:4) which is critical for the formation of omega-3 derived eicosanoids were significantly higher in milk from grass fed cows. Similar changes were seen in the fatty acid composition of platelets. Half a liter of milk from grass-fed cows provides approximately 191 mg 18:3 and 14 mg 20:5. In this regard milk from grass fed cows may be nutritionally superior to milk from cows eating conserved grass.
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PMID:Increased concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids in milk and platelet rich plasma of grass-fed cows. 790 66

The medical treatment of ASO should be approached in three ways. The first should be to minimize the risk factors of "atherosclerosis", the second should be the treatment of leg ischemia, and the third should be the management of other ischemic organs. Among the risk factors involved, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia are frequently evident. Smoking must be given up and the other diseases should be controlled by diet, exercise and drug therapy respectively. In order to relieve symptoms such as cold sensation and intermittent claudication, drug therapy such as antiplatelet therapy and vasodilatory drugs are useful in the treatment of some patients with ASO. Daily physical exercises are also effective in extending the walking distance in patients with intermittent claudication. This exercise is even more effective when it is combined with drug therapy. The prevention of vascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke and the prevention of vascular death are very important in patients with ASO. It can therefore be concluded that antiplatelet therapy is not only effective in relieving symptoms, but also in reducing the incidence of vascular events and death.
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PMID:[Medical treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO)]. 880 15

Characteristic feature of pathogenesis, epidemiology and laboratory findings in hyperuricemia of gouty patients are studied and reasonable treatments of gout in clinical medicine are discussed. Gout is characterized by repeated arthritis attacks on the metacarpophalangeal joint of the first toe or other small joints, especially overworked joints or those exposed to cold. The arthritis attack lasts for 3.5 days and then diminishes gradually. The intervals are shortened in patients under poor hyperuricemic control but tophi formation is less frequent. Complications in combination with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension, which are compatible to syndrome X, are frequent in gouty patients and are suspected of rapidly progressing to arteriosclerosis, such as ischemic heart diseases. Hyperuricemia consists of over-production and underexcretion, which can be diagnosed by the urate clearance test. Classification is valuable for surveying the underlying diseases of secondary hyperuricemia and treating gouty patients. Underexcretion was observed in 85% of gouty patients with hyperuricemia and even the mean urate clearance in the overproduction type was significantly lower than that of normal controls, suggesting that underexcretion is a fundamental phenomenon in all gouty patients. Treatments of complications as well as those of hyperuricemia with uricosuric agents are required for clinical treatment of gouty patients.
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PMID:[Characteristic features of gouty patients]. 897

Chronic rejection is a clinical syndrome characterized by a progressive decline in renal allograft function and nonspecific histologic findings of interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and fibrointimal proliferation of intrarenal arteries. Most late allograft failure that is not due to death with a functioning allograft is caused by chronic rejection. Although the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic rejection are unknown, a number of epidemiological studies have examined clinical correlates for possible clues to its pathogenesis. Clinical correlates for chronic renal allograft rejection can be classified in two broad categories: immune (alloantigen-dependent) and non-immune (alloantigen-independent). The strongest evidence that chronic rejection is immune mediated comes from its association with acute rejection and the degree of histocompatibility mismatching. However, not all acute rejection leads to chronic rejection, and there is little evidence that newer immunosuppression regimens which effectively prevent acute rejection have reduced the incidence and severity of chronic rejection. Therefore, many clinical investigators have also looked for potential non-immune causes of chronic rejection. Putative non-immune risk factors include donor source (living-related vs. cadaveric), cold ischemia time, delayed graft function, size mismatching, donor age, donor and recipient gender, recipient race, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Although there is little evidence supporting a cause and effect relationship between any immune or non-immune risk factor and chronic rejection, these clinical associations suggest a number of potentially important areas for further study.
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PMID:Clinical correlates to chronic renal allograft rejection. 940 26

We investigated the prevalence and characteristics of ischemic heart disease especially silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) and arrhythmia in need of careful observation in the exercise stress tests in the Total Health Promotion Plan (THP), which was conducted between 1994-96 for the purpose of measuring cardiopulmonary function. All workers (n = 4,918, 4,426 males) aged 18-60 yr old in an occupational field were studied. Exercise tests with an ergometer were performed by the LOPS protocol, in which the maximal workload was set up as a presumed 70-80% maximal oxygen intake, or STEP (original multistage protocol). ECG changes were evaluated with a CC5 lead. Two hundred and fifteen people refused the study because of a common cold, lumbago and so on. Of 4,703 subjects, 17 with abnormal rest ECG and 19 with probable anginal pain were excluded from the exercise tests. Of 4,667 who underwent the exercise test, 37 (0.79%) had ischemic ECG change, and 155 (3.32%) had striking arrhythmia. These 228 subjects then did a treadmill exercise test with Bruce protocol. Twenty-two (0.47% of 4,703) showed positive ECG change, 9 (0.19%) of 22 had abnormal findings on a 201Tl scan. 8 (0.17%) were diagnosed as SMI (Cohn I), in which the prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoker and positive familial history of ischemic heart disease was greater than that of all subjects. In a 15-30 month follow up, none has developed cardiac accidents. Exercise-induced arrhythmia was detected in 11 (0.23%) subjects. Four were non-sustained ventricular tachycardia without any organic disease, 4 were ventricular arrhythmia based on cardiomyopathy detected by echocardiography, 2 were atrial fibrillation and another was WPW syndrome. It is therefore likely that the ergometer exercise test in THP was effective in preventing sudden death caused by ischemic heart disease or striking arrhythmia.
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PMID:[Silent myocardial ischemia and exercise-induced arrhythmia detected by the exercise test in the total health promotion plan (THP)]. 1132 53

Hypothyroidism affects 4% to 10% of women, increasing with age. Symptoms, which are often nonspecific and subtle, can include: lethargy, mild weight gain, edema, cold intolerance, constipation, mental impairment, dry skin, depression, irregular menses, hoarseness, myalgias, hyperlipidemia, and bradycardia. TSH determination is usually warranted when some of these are present. Confirmation of diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, not symptoms. With Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common cause, the thyroid is usually firm and irregular to palpation. Screening is recommended by the American Thyroid Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and ACOG. Studies indicate that even slight hypothyroidism is associated with increased miscarriage, late fetal demise and lower IQ of offspring. Many believe all women intending conception or pregnancy should be screened. Most patients with even slightly elevated TSH should be treated, though controversy remains. Hypothyroidism is usually permanent, and treatment is life-long; postpartum thyroiditis may be transient. Levothyroxine is the standard treatment. Because of variable bioavailability of some levothyroxine preparations, designation of a specific high-quality brand is appropriate; TSH should be monitored to titrate the dose. The third-generation super-sensitive TSH is the most accurate test for both hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Because estrogen increases levels of thyroid binding globulin, women who are on HRT or OCs, or are pregnant, usually have total T4 levels above the reference range.
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PMID:Hypothyroidism and women's health. 1208 Dec 57


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