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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
 15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides, decrease platelet and leucocyte reactivity, and may slightly decrease blood pressure. Omega-3 PUFA may also beneficially influence vessel wall characteristics and blood rheology. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to inhibit ventricular tachyarrhythmias in animals. Omega-3 PUFA may impair fibrinolysis and could lead to increased oxidation of lipoproteins. Potential adverse effects must not be neglected, but should be viewed in light of the beneficial effects of these agents. Clinical studies investigating the effects of dietary omega-3 PUFA in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are beginning to emerge. The results have offered some promise, but further studies are needed to define the role of these agents in CVD. Long term trials and studies using omega-3 PUFA as adjuvants to conventional therapy in patients with coronary artery disease, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension may be of particular interest.
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PMID:Omega-3 fatty acids. Current status in cardiovascular medicine. 751 72

A good deal of evidence suggests beneficial effects of the regular dietary intake of garlic on mild hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Garlic seems to have anti-microbial and immunostimulating properties, enhance fibrinolytic activity, and exert favorable effects on platelet aggregation and adhesion. Standardised preparations guarantee exact dosing and minimize the problem of the strong odour of raw garlic. Thus, a traditional folk remedy has established its usefulness for many patients with less severe forms of cardiovascular disease as a medical drug with very few side effects. The available evidence gives rise to the hope that the list of indications may even be considerably extended in the future.
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PMID:[Garlic (Allium sativum)--a potent medicinal plant]. 755 3

Obesity is usually defined on the basis of body composition measurements. Body composition can be assessed using elaborate methods or anthropometry. Obese children are characterized by increased serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, reduced high-density-lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol concentrations, and hyperinsulinemia. Such a metabolic profile may create favorable conditions for atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease later in life. In fourty obese children aged 6-14 years were evaluated plasma insulin after OGTT, serum lipids and body composition. The correlation analysis between insulin, lipids and fat mass (%), based on skinfold measurements was not significative. These results are possible because with skinfold measurements are not separated the subcutaneous and intraabdominal compartments; infarct, only abdominal obesity is associated with the increased risk factors (hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, ecc.).
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PMID:[The lipid status, insulinemia and fat mass in 40 children with essential obesity]. 756 42

The long-term efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, was assessed during a 24-month follow-up period in 168 elderly hypercholesterolemic patients. After completing a 4 week double blind dose ranging study with simvastatin, 47 males and 122 females over 62 years of age with type II hyperlipidemia, a total cholesterol level above 6.5 mmol/l and clinically manifest cardiovascular disease were included in this extended study. A total of 159 patients completed the 12-month follow-up period and 141 patients were monitored over the full 24 months. All patients were started on 10 mg simvastatin once daily and the dosage was increased until the target levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol between 2.3 mmol/l (90 mg/dl) and 3.6 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) were reached. Fifty percent of patients reached the targeted LDL cholesterol goal of < 3.6 mmol/l (140 mg/dl) during the study. At study completion, 65 patients (39%) were taking 40 mg simvastatin per day, 56 patients (33%) 20 mg, 42 patients (25%) 10 mg and 5 patients (3%) only used 5 mg per day. Sixteen patients (9%) received concomitant lipid lowering therapy. Over 2 years, the mean decrease in LDL cholesterol ranged from 36% to 38%, the median decrease in triglycerides was 12% to 19% and the mean increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ranged from 9% to 10%, respectively. Seven patients discontinued simvastatin because of adverse clinical or laboratory events, but only in two (1.1%) was this considered to be drug-related. Side-effects were mild and most frequently gastrointestinal in nature. Mean changes in asparate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly different from zero and mean changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) showed a small increase. We conclude that simvastatin is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for hypercholesterolemia in elderly individuals for extended periods.
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PMID:Long-term efficacy and tolerability of simvastatin in a large cohort of elderly hypercholesterolemic patients. 757 71

The aim was to identify genetic determinants for the development of hyperlipidemia and/or atherosclerosis. The present set of studies demonstrates for the first time the clinical expression (phenotype) of a newly discovered monogenic disorder named Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB). FDB is caused by a G to A mutation in the binding protein (apolipoprotein B-100) for the cholesterol-rich low density lipoprotein (LDL), such that the affinity of LDL to the LDL receptor is severely reduced. In all 135 individuals with FDB from 56 families and 8 different countries, including Denmark, are described. On average, the effect of the FDB mutation was to increase plasma and LDL cholesterol in both men and women by about 3 mmol/l; at age 55 the average plasma cholesterol of men and women with FDB was 9.4 mmol/l and 8.9 mmol/l, respectively. A sharp rise in frequency of coronary artery disease as a function of age in both FDB males and females was comparable to that found in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH). At the age of 60, about 70% of both men and women with FDB had coronary artery disease; at the same age approximately 40% had tendon xanthomas, and 35% had arcus corneae, irrespective of gender. Surprisingly, the frequencies of arcus corneae were not strikingly higher than those found in the general population sample from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Only few patients with FDB had xanthelasmas. Finally, the frequency of this mutation was estimated at 1/500-1/700 in the general population, which is equivalent to that of clinical FH. All in all the results suggest FDB to be a severe genetic disorder with early penetrance, associated with substantial elevations in plasma and LDL cholesterol and with an increased frequency of premature coronary artery disease and of tendon xanthomas. For comparison, a number of common polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the insulin gene, in the apoB gene and in the apoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, associated with minor effects on hyperlipidemia and/or cardiovascular disease are also examined.
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PMID:Rare and common mutations in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. With special reference to familial defective apolipoprotein B-100. 765 81

Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, which imparts a threefold increased risk over that of normotensive persons the same age. It accelerates atherogenesis-promoting premature coronary disease, now its most common sequela. The effect of elevated blood pressure on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in general and on coronary disease incidence in particular is independent of the influence of other predisposing atherogenic cofactors but is greatly affected by them. Elevated blood pressure is more often than usual associated with hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, excessive weight, elevated fibrinogen, and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, which enhance its impact. Hypertensive coronary candidates usually have an increased low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) cholesterol ratio, impaired glucose tolerance. ECG abnormalities, or a cigarette smoking habit. These coexisting risk factors exert a greater influence than the character of the blood pressure elevation. Those at risk for hypertensive stroke have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), atrial fibrillation, cardiac failure, coronary disease, diabetes, or a cigarette habit. Cardiovascular risk ratios for hypertension diminish with advancing age, but this is offset by a higher absolute risk, making hypertension an important precursor of cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
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PMID:Hypertension as a risk factor for cardiac events--epidemiologic results of long-term studies. 769 48

Lipid abnormalities are seen frequently in renal transplant patients. Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. We assessed the efficacy and safety of the lipid-lowering drugs, nicotinic acid (short acting) and lovastatin, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. Twelve renal transplant patients who had persistent hyperlipidemia despite 6 weeks of dietary treatment participated in this prospective, randomized, open-labeled crossover trial. At 16 weeks, when compared with control values, nicotinic acid (> or = 1.5 g twice a day) significantly reduced the total cholesterol (from 312 +/- 18 [+/- SEM] mg/dL to 229 +/- 19 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 218 +/- 15 mg/dL to 142 +/- 13 mg/dL; P = 0.03) and significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 44 +/- 3 mg/dL to 58 +/- 5 mg/dL; P = 0.03). The triglyceride level was reduced from 255 +/- 40 mg/dL to 150 +/- 23 mg/dL (P = 0.09). At 16 weeks, lovastatin therapy (40 mg/d) significantly reduced the total cholesterol (from 285 +/- 13 mg/dL to 233 +/- 10 mg/dL; P = 0.005) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 201 +/- 11 mg/dL to 147 +/- 7 mg/dL; P = 0.001). There were no significant changes in the triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Although flushing developed in 67% of patients treated with nicotinic acid, this was not a reason for any of the study dropouts. During this short-term study period no adverse biochemical effects were noted with either of the drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of nicotinic acid and lovastatin in renal transplant patients: a prospective, randomized, open-labeled crossover trial. 770 60

Hispanic elders living in the United States compose a rapidly increasing population. They are underinsured and more likely to be living in poverty. Health care is hindered in this population by lower access to health services and less use of preventive services. Barriers to access are primarily socioeconomic. Acculturation exerts an effect, primarily through its association with language skills, employment, and education. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality for Hispanics, who have a higher prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Although neoplasia is the second most frequent cause of death among Hispanics, as it is in whites who are not Hispanic, Hispanics have an overall lower cancer rate. Cancer rates are increasing, however. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the Hispanic population, affecting nearly a quarter of adult Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans. Although higher prevalence of obesity in the Hispanic population accounts for some of this difference, some data suggest the possibility of a genetic component as well. Assessment of psychological health in Hispanic elders is impeded by the lack of instruments designed for this population. Distress is often expressed as somatic symptoms. Values traditional to Hispanic culture, such as respeto, allocentrism, and familialism, are important to US Hispanic elders, many of whom were born in rural Mexico. Our knowledge of determinants of healthy aging in this population is still preliminary, but rapidly expanding, in part, because of increased attention to ethnicity in health reporting.
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PMID:Health status of Hispanic elders. 772 19

Hyperlipidemias are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Screening and treatment guidelines for the metabolic disorders associated with them have been adopted and published by the Israel Atherosclerosis Society. We examined the frequency of plasma lipid determinations and treatment of hyperlipidemia by a sample of family practitioners, primary physicians, cardiologists and internists working in ambulatory, primary medical care who filled out questionnaires for consecutive adult clinic patients. Of 2015 patients, 1029 (51%) were reported to be free of cardiovascular disease or its risk factors, 606 (30%) had at least 1 risk factor, 171 (8%) had peripheral or cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease, 131 (7%) had had a myocardial infarction and 78 (4%) had undergone coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery. Although the frequency of determinations of total HDL and LDL cholesterol increased from those without a risk factor to those after bypass surgery, the overall rates were lower than expected in all groups. With regard to risk factors, in those with a family history of cardiovascular disease lipid determinations were done most frequently, approaching the frequency in the bypass group. Combined hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was the most common metabolic aberration in all categories. The rate of drug therapy increased from those with no risk factor to those after bypass surgery. Therapy with resin was reported in 3-14%, fibric acid derivatives in 29-53% and statins in 33-57% of the various patient groups. Again, the drug therapy profile of the group with a positive family history was similar to that of the bypass group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Screening and treatment of hyperlipidemias in Israel]. 779 48

Despite recent advances in both prevention and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in the US. The Framingham Study was a landmark in defining CHD-related risk factors; unfortunately, very few minorities were included. A major preventable risk factor for CHD continues to be lipid abnormalities, but its association within minority populations is unclear. The few studies that have examined the association of hyperlipidemia with CHD in minorities have shown that total cholesterol was a predictor of CHD risk (e.g., black men aged 35-64). Several researchers have reported higher levels of HDL for black men and women compared to white men and women. Since HDL was shown to be inversely related to CHD, this discrepancy in HDL is hypothesized to account for the lower than expected mortality rate. Lipoprotein(a) has been identified as an independent risk factor for CHD; blacks have considerably higher levels than whites. Data also indicate the following: Hispanics have lower CVD mortality rates than the general population despite having known risk factors (e.g., obesity, diabetes, low socioeconomic status); Hispanic women have lower levels of HDL cholesterol; Native-American populations have lower prevalence of CHD associated with lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol. Understanding epidemiologic and pathophysiologic data regarding differences between various racial groups should help reduce CVD-related morbidity and mortality in minority populations.
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PMID:Lipids, lipoproteins and coronary heart disease in minority populations. 780 31


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