Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0020473 (hyperlipidemia)
15,891 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Corpulent male rats of the atherosclerosis prone JCR:LA-corpulent strain were fed diets supplemented with 10% by weight of olive oil or red fish oil. These rats are obese, with VLDL hyperlipidemia and marked insulin resistance. The diets were maintained to 9 months of age. Olive oil-fed rats had a 45% reduction in triglyceride concentrations with no significant changes in cholesterol or phospholipids. Red fish oil caused significant reduction in all lipid classes, with a 65% reduction in triglycerides and 35% reduction in cholesterol concentrations. Olive oil caused increases in the relative concentrations of oleic acid-containing triglycerides, while red fish oil preferentially enriched the longer chain fatty acids. There were no significant changes in insulin or glucose metabolism. The incidence of myocardial lesions, characteristic of the JCR:LA-cp strain, was unaltered by either oil-supplemented diet. These results, in a spontaneous animal model for cardiovascular disease, are consistent with other studies showing that diets rich in n-3 fatty acids do not, in themselves, confer protection against cardiovascular disease in animal models with genetically or experimentally induced lipid disorders.
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PMID:Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis prone JCR:LA-corpulent rats. 174 17

Recent reports of risk factors for and survival of patients with diabetic retinopathy do not include exudative maculopathy as a separate entity. We therefore studied a group of hypertensive Type II diabetic subjects with exudative maculopathy (n = 26) compared to a carefully matched hypertensive diabetic comparison group without retinopathy (n = 26) over seven years. Diabetic maculopathy patients had higher mean diastolic blood pressure (101.6 +/- 14 versus 94.8 +/- 10 mmHg, p less than 0.05), serum cholesterol (6.65 +/- 2.2 versus 5.9 +/- 1.31 mmol/l), HDL2 subfraction levels (0.46 +/- 0.23 versus 0.32 +/- 0.18 mmol/l) and a higher prevalence of hyperlipidaemia (54% versus 35%) compared to the comparison group. After seven years, the maculopathy group showed a strikingly higher prevalence of renal failure and nephrotic syndrome (42% versus 8%, p less than 0.05) and of macroproteinuria (58% versus 15%, p less than 0.01) compared to the comparison group. Mortality and cardiovascular disease event rate was 12% and 38% in the maculopathy and 15% and 31% respectively in the comparison group. We conclude that although mortality is not significantly higher in diabetics with exudative maculopathy, proteinuria, renal failure and nephrotic syndrome may be associated features on long term follow-up. Hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia may also be risk factors in the development of diabetic maculopathy.
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PMID:Long-term follow-up of and underlying medical conditions in patients with diabetic exudative maculopathy. 180 Jan 69

The major risk factors for cardiovascular disease include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and smoking. They promote the development of atherosclerosis and thromboembolic complications, i.e. strokes and heart attacks. There are diverse interactions between these factors, the outstanding common denominator being alterations in serum lipoproteins, mainly elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations, which results in disturbed cholesterol homeostasis (transport and metabolism) and eventually in perturbations of cellular integrity/function. In addition to their roles as cholesterol-transporting molecules, LDL and HDL directly influence inter- and intracellular communication via stimulation of pivotal signal transduction processes. The 'hormonal' effects of LDL on platelets, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells are potentially harmful, whereas the effects of HDL may be protective in as much as HDL can antagonize LDL-mediated stimulation of cells. Therapy aimed at reducing serum LDL-cholesterol levels and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels will have multifactorial beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Low- and high-density lipoproteins as hormonal regulators of platelet, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell interactions: relevance to hypertension. 181 68

Hyperlipidemia poses a risk for cardiovascular disease in both hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients. Although lipid profiles differ between the 2 populations, we evaluated the possibility that both groups have similar abnormalities of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Mean serum Lp(a) and standard error of the mean (SEM) in hemodialysis and transplant recipients was 16.6 +/- 4.7 and 18.3 +/- 3.6 mg/dl, respectively, compared with 10.7 +/- 4.1 mg/dl in healthy controls, p less than 0.05. That serum Lp(a) levels are significantly elevated in dialysis and renal transplantation patients suggests at least 1 common pathogenic mechanism for the high incidence of atherosclerosis in both groups.
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PMID:Elevated lipoprotein(a) levels in renal transplantation and hemodialysis patients. 184 Feb 33

Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure is of multifactorial origin. Decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase, peripheral insulin resistance, hyperparathyroidism and L-carnitine deficiency are the contributing factors. This results in a disturbed catabolism of chylomicron, accumulation of very-low-density (VLDL) and intermediate-density (IDL) lipoproteins as well as incompletely cleared remnant particles, whereas low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are diminished. There is current debate as to whether cardiovascular disease is accelerated and whether hyperlipidemia should specifically be treated. In addition, there have been few means of influencing these metabolic alterations. Drug incompatibility and consequently side effects render treatment difficult. The drugs that have been most tested for lipid lowering in chronic renal failure are the fibric acids. By their mode of action, they are the logical choice. Dose reduction overcomes major side effects such as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. The second generation of fibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil and beclobrate) show several advantages over formerly used derivatives. Treatment with lovastatin and simvastatin appears to be safe and is recommended in a minority of patients with predominantly elevations of LDL. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors also lower remnant particles effectively in hemodialysis (HD) patients. L-Carnitine and low-molecular-weight heparin have been shown to influence VLDL rich in triglycerides in a subset of patients on HD. In posttransplant hyperlipidemia, diet remains the first course of action in all patients. When this approach fails, the new lipid-lowering agents, especially fibric acids, appear to be safe in short-term studies in azathioprine- and ciclosporin-treated patients. Lovastatin has been shown to be safe in stable renal transplant patients. Its toxicity seems to depend mainly on high ciclosporin whole blood through or plasma levels.
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PMID:Hyperlipoproteinemia in chronic renal failure: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. 186 98

Diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease which, in part, may be due to lipid abnormalities. Our aim was to establish from an initial screening programme what proportion of diabetic patients attending a routine diabetic outpatient clinic had hyperlipidaemia despite having good or acceptable glycaemic control. We screened 299 randomly selected diabetic patients to assess the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia and its relationship to glycaemic control. Twenty-eight per cent had hyperlipidaemia (defined as cholesterol greater than 6.5 mmol/L and/or non-fasting triglycerides greater than 3 mmol/L). Of these hyperlipidaemic patients, 71% had good or acceptable glycaemic control as defined by a glycated haemoglobin value of less than 10%. Approximately 40% of type 2 diabetic patients had body mass index values outside recommended targets indicating the potential of weight reduction in this group as a treatment modality. Our results indicate that the majority of hyperlipidaemic diabetic patients had good or acceptable glycaemic control, and as such these patients are potential candidates for specific lipid lowering therapy.
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PMID:Screening for hyperlipidaemia in diabetes mellitus. Relationship to glycaemic control. 144 75

The lipidaemic profile has been evaluated in a series of 603 healthy children aged 13-14, within a programme for the prevention of atherosclerotic disease commenced in November 1980 at Health Unit 66 of the Region of Piedmont. Hyperlipaemia is among the environmental risk factors for ATS and more than any of the others it regards paediatric age and can be acted upon. Analysis of the results shows that 172 subjects (28.5%) present pathological values of one or more of the following laboratory examinations: total cholesterol, cholesterol-HDL, cholesterol-LDL, triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B. In 17 children (2.82%), changes in lipidaemic balance were so marked that they prefigured a high risk of cardiovascular disease at adult age. All dyslipidaemic subjects were recommended a suitable, balanced antiatherogenous diet and later control of the altered examinations. Courses of dietary education in secondary schools were also instituted so as to make all students and their parents, teachers and the population at large aware of the problem.
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PMID:[Investigation of the blood lipid profile of a school population in Piedmont]. 194

Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in the industrialized world with dyslipidemia, hypertension and cigarette smoking leading a long list of risk factors. Recently, controversy arose from some critical articles expressing concern about the evaluation and interpretation of statistical data of epidemiologic studies. One study using covariance analysis reported an absence of the widely accepted negative association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Also criticism was expressed regarding the cost-effectiveness of preventive measures such as the use of lipid lowering drugs on life expectancy. Because of such recent scientific controversy and discussions already taking place in the media, we have summarized in this article recent epidemiologic evidence including a meta-analysis of the major epidemiologic studies on HDL. We have directed particular attention to 3 large epidemiological studies, i.e., the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH), and the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS), all of which have clearly demonstrated a desirable effect of intensive lipid lowering therapy on coronary lesions.
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PMID:[Risk factors for coronary heart disease]. 194 9

As a source of several vasoactive factors, the endothelium takes part in the regulation of vascular tone. The most important endothelium-derived vasoactive substances are nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelin-1 and contracting factors requiring the activity of cyclooxygenase. The endothelium is an obvious target organ of cardiovascular risk factors. Accordingly, functional alterations do occur with aging, hypertension, and lipids. All three conditions are associated with a decreased basal and stimulated release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. On the other hand, the release of endothelin-1 appears to increase with age, while the sensitivity to the peptide markedly decreases under the same conditions. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat, acetylcholine and stretch evoke the release of cyclooxygenase-dependent endothelium-derived contracting factor, most likely prostaglandin H2. The sensitivity and circulating levels of endothelin-1, on the other hand, are reduced in this experimental model of hypertension. In the porcine coronary circulation, oxidized low-density lipoproteins selectively reduce endothelium-dependent relaxations to aggregating platelets, serotonin, and thrombin which are mediated by nitric oxide. The alterations of endothelial function occurring with aging, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia may have important clinical implications for the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Endothelium-dependent control of vascular tone: effects of age, hypertension and lipids. 195 6

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable (n-6) and marine (n-3) oils have been shown to reduce cholesterol levels in normolipidemic individuals. However, there is relatively little information available on the lipoprotein responses to dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in individuals with genetic forms of hyperlipidemia at risk for premature cardiovascular disease. We studied five subjects with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), as well as five normal controls, on three rigidly controlled diets differing primarily in their fatty acid composition. FH subjects reduced their total plasma cholesterol by 34% during the n-3 diet and by 26% with the n-6 diet (both p less than 0.001) when compared with values while on a butter diet. In addition, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol fell 31% and 29% (both p less than 0.001), and apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels dropped 28% and 27% (both p less than 0.01) during the n-3 and n-6 diets, respectively. A significant reduction of total and LDL cholesterol as well as of apo B was also noted in normal controls during n-3 and n-6 diets. Total plasma triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol fell significantly during n-3 diets in normal and FH subjects. Thus, FH and normal subjects respond in a similar fashion to diets low in saturated fatty acids and rich in n-3 and n-6, with decreased LDL cholesterol and apo B concentrations.
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PMID:Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. 198 3


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