Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied the effects of parasympathetic nerves on cerebral blood flow (CBF). The greater superficial petrosal nerve, which apparently supplies cholinergic fibers to cerebral vessels and the lacrimal gland, was sectioned on one side at the internal auditory meatus in anesthetized cats. CBF was measured with 15-microns microspheres. Section of the petrosal nerve did not alter resting CBF. In addition, electrical stimulation of the distal cut end of the petrosal nerve had no effect on total CBF. In one area of the brain, the caudate nucleus, stimulation increased blood flow from 29 +/- 2 to 36 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) ml/min per 100 g. Lacrimal gland blood flow increased from 42 +/- 7 to 198 +/- 32 ml/min per 100 g during petrosal stimulation, which indicates that the stimulus was potent. In the same experiments, CBF increased 3- to 4-fold during hypercapnia; thus, cerebral vessels were responsive to another dilator stimulus. In other experiments, petrosal nerve section did not alter the response of cerebral vessels to hypercapnia (PCO2 > 50 mm Hg) or hypoxia (PO2 < 34 mm Hg). We conclude: (1) there is little or no resting vasodilator tone provided to cerebral vessels by the petrosal nerve; (2) petrosal nerve stimulation has a major effect on blood flow to the lacrimal gland but does not increase CBF; and (3) petrosal nerve section has little effect on the response of cerebral vessels to hypercapnia or hypoxia.
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PMID:Effects of cholinergic nerves on cerebral blood flow in cats. 677 68

The hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/orexin) unit affects the functions of the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Hcrt/orexin ligands and receptors have been localized to different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cerebrospinal fluid and blood, exocrine (pancreas, salivary, lacrimal) as well as endocrine (pancreatic islets, pituitary, adrenal) glands. Several factors including stress, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, glutamate, nicotine, glucose, and hypoglycaemia stimulate the expression of Hcrt/orexin system, but it is inhibited by ageing, bone morphogenetic protein, hypoxia/hypercapnia, melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2, and glucagon. Literature reports show that Hcrt/orexin can significantly increase insulin secretion from normal and diabetic rat pancreata. Hcrt/orexin decreases blood glucose concentration and reduces insulin resistance partly via increased tissue expression of glucose transporter type 4. It reduces obesity by increasing browning of fat cells and energy expenditure. Taken together, Hcrt/orexin modulates obesity and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. The Hcrt/orexin system may thus be a target in the development of new therapies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Hypocretin/orexin modulates body weight and the metabolism of glucose and insulin. 3165 12