Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some renal parameters have been studied in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). During the first 24 h, the serum creatinine level of the severe cases of RDS are significantly increased, decreasing gradually with improvement of the RDS and reaching normal values within 10 days. Blood urea nitrogen remained unchanged. In the milder cases of RDS, the serum creatinine also showed a slighter increase, which became normal within 4 days after birth. During the acute phase of RDS, there is a reversible impairment in the renal function, which correlates with the degree of hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis determined by the primary disease.
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PMID:Alterations in creatinine clearance during respiratory distress syndrome. 3 62

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in man was studied during various conditions using the indicator dilution method of Crone [8]. Using 113m In-DTPA as reference substance the extraction, E, of the small test substances 24Na+, 36Cl-, 14C-urea and 14C-thiourea was estimated from the areas under the venous outflow curves following intracarotid slug injection of tracers. Interlaminar diffusion and red cell carriage were taken into consideration when calculating E. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the intra-arterial 133Xe-injection method. Twenty-two patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were studied before and during seizures and during hypercapnia. Before seizures the extraction values in % were as follows: ENa+ 1.6, ECl- 1.9, Eurea 3.9 and Ethiourea 7.8; the corresponding values for the permeability-surface area products (PS) in ml/100 g x min were 0.5, 0.3, 0.7, 4.1, respectively. During seizure a decrease of Ethiourea and an increase of PSurea were significant. During hypercapnia PSNa and PSthiourea rose significantly. Due to the similarity of the findings in those two high flow situations it is suggested that the changes of CBF and not the epileptic activity are responsible for the changes in permeability. The mechanism of action may be a stretching of endothelial cells in the cerebral vessels or an opening up of new capillaries, or a combination of both.
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PMID:The permeability of the blood-brain barrier during electrically induced seizures in man. 40 64

Acute respiratory failure (ARF = hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia) is a frequent finding in the polytraumatized patient. Multiple injury is often accompanied by injury of the central nervous system, and the presence or absence of ARF may play a key role for survival and late morbidity. This paper reviews the incidence of pulmonary problems after severe head injury and the possible dysfunctions of the respiratory apparatus following single or multiple trauma. Diagnostic work-up in ARF includes consideration of the mechanisms of injury, clinical examination, determinations of arterial blood gases and chest radiographs which are all essential for the choice of an effective treatment. This frequently includes supportive treatment by continuous positive pressure ventilation.
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PMID:Pulmonary problems following multiple trauma in children. 265 13

The decision to institute MV in patients with COPD and ARF is difficult because the risk of complications is high and the long-term prognosis is poor. We reviewed our experience with 95 COPD patients with ARF requiring MV. Fifty-five patients required MV for more than two weeks, 72 were weaned successfully, and 59 died within one year of follow-up. Survival was associated with premorbid level of activity (p less than .001), FEV1 (p less than .01), serum albumin level (p less than .05), and severity of dyspnea (p less than .01). Cor pulmonale on ECG, premorbid hypercarbia, and history of left ventricular failure were also more common among those who died. Weaning from MV was associated with premorbid level of activity (p less than .001), FEV1 (p less than .001), albumin level (p less than .05), and negative inspiratory pressure (p less than .001) and respiratory rate during T-piece trial (p less than .01). The duration of intubation was associated only with premorbid level of activity (p less than .01). Predictive models for the weaning success and the one-year survival were developed.
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PMID:Determinants of weaning and survival among patients with COPD who require mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. 291 93

The effect of intracarotid prostacyclin (PGI2) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the 133xenon intracarotid injection technique in 8 baboons. Intracarotid prostacyclin increased CBF by 22% at 10(-7) g/kg/min and by 71% at 5 x 10(-6) g/kg/min, accompanied by systemic hypotension and tachycardia. The effects of PGI2 (10(-7) g/kg/min) were not potentiated by transient opening of the blood-brain barrier with the intracarotid hypertonic urea technique. At hypercapnia, the vasoconstrictor effect of indomethacin on the cerebral circulation was reversed by PGI2. These results support our suggestion that a prostaglandin, in particular PGI2, is required for hypercapnia to produce full cerebral vasodilatation. In separate experiments, following craniectomy in 5 cats, PGI2, but not its stable metabolite 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, dilated pial arterioles when locally injected into the mock CSF overlying the arteriole.
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PMID:Prostacyclin, indomethacin and the cerebral circulation. 677 15

A study on two groups of patients in acute respiratory failure with hypercapnia (18 subjects) and in hypercapnic coma (18 subjects) has been carried out to determine the related changes in sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride ion, urea and osmolality in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. There were significant differences between the two pathological states and particularly in coma, changes in transmembrane active transport of electrolytes are significantly related to high concentrations of CO2 in the brain.
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PMID:Changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid electrolytes in hypercapnia. 678 28

Experimental uremia created by obstructing the urethra of 7 cross-bred bulls was associated with significant (P less than 0.05) increases in PCV, blood urea nitrogen concentration, arterial and venous pH and PCO2, arterial bicarbonate, and base excess. Total serum protein concentration decreased nonsignificantly. Arterial PO2 reduced significantly during later stages of uremia. Arterial and venous oxygen saturation, arteriovenous oxygen difference, oxygen extraction ratio, and arteriovenous pH difference were not affected significantly. Uremia was characterized by progressive metabolic alkalosis with, as a compensation, hypercapnia, and arterial hypoxemia. There was no evidence of systemic shunting of blood except in 1 animal.
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PMID:Acid-base status and blood gas alterations following experimental uremia in cattle. 678 24

A 9-year retrospective review of 1,242 admissions to a tertiary burn center identified 137 patients who were intubated and ventilated for a critical airway or pulmonary problem. These patients varied in age from 2 months to 18 years with an average total body surface area (TBSA) burn of 55%. We evaluated this group for evidence of respiratory failure (ARF) as defined by the respiratory failure index (RFI) (PaO2/FIO2 < or = 300). While only 23% of admissions to the burn center were related to flame burns, these injuries accounted for 82% of children who had ARF. Forty-two percent of these intubated children had abnormalities on their admission chest x-ray and 61% of this cohort developed evidence of ARF as defined by the RFI. The development of sepsis along with ARF regardless of TBSA involvement doubles the mortality of ARF alone. Early burn wound excision and grafting is critically important to prevent the late complication of sepsis. We carefully monitor ventilator settings to insure low peak inspiratory pressures, allowing relative hypercapnia and avoiding hyperoxia. Despite an increased number of admissions and critically injured children, we have not seen an increase in morbidity and have had a 53% reduction in mortality in the last 2 years with these techniques. We believe this management offers the best outcome for the pediatric burn victim and would recommend this strategy to other centers dealing with these severely injured children.
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PMID:Mortality and respiratory failure in a pediatric burn population. 826 96

We prospectively studied emergency hospitalizations due to acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among 74 hypercapnic patients, in order to determine factors which predict reversal to normocapnia as a result of therapy. Clinical, arterial blood gas and pulmonary function data on presentation were compared to predischarge values among those 58 patients who survived the admission. Patients were divided into those who reverted to normocapnia (reversible, 40% of surviving patients), and those who remained hypercapnic (chronic, 60% of surviving patients). Reversible patients had higher admission arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) levels than those with chronic hypercapnia (6.4 +/- 1.3 kPa (mean +/- SD), as compared to 5.7 +/- 1.1 kPa) better pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 35 +/- 16% predicted, as compared to 26 +/- 7.9), and a lower prevalence of cor pulmonale (30% as compared to 63% of patients). No admission variable(s) distinguished individual patients as reversible or chronic hypercapnic, and, in particular, admission arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and pH levels were similar in both groups. Furthermore, there were no differences between survivors and those 16 patients who died during the admission, apart from a higher urea level among those who died. These findings suggest that reversible patients have milder underlying disease than those with chronic hypercapnia. Our data establish the high prevalence of reversible hypercapnia among patients hospitalized with exacerbations of COPD, and, furthermore, indicate that patients who are normocapnic in the stable state can develop similar levels of hypercapnia during exacerbations as those with chronic hypercapnia.
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PMID:Reversible hypercapnia in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 828 54

Experiments on rats have shown an important role of hypercapnia in the development of condition of artificial hibernation in combination with influence of hypothermia, hypoxia and hypercapnia. It is proved that the joint action of hypothermia, hypoxia and hypercapnia has induced development of respiratory acidosis and hibernation in animals, while removal of the hypercapnia effect has induced development of acute metabolic acidosis and death of animals. It has been found that animals in the state of artificial hibernation have considerable changes in concentrations of main electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+, phosphates, Cl-) and metabolites (NH3, glutamine, urea) in blood as well as in activity of enzymes (glutamaldehydrogenase, glutaminase, arginase) in tissues of the liver and kidneys.
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PMID:[Acid-base equilibrium and nitrogen metabolism in rats in a state of artificial hibernation]. 855 76


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