Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sulfonylureas reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF) during hypoxia but not during hypercapnia, whereas blockers of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis reduce hypercapnic CBF. However, the effect of NO blockers on hypoxic CBF is uncertain. CBF was measured in the cortex of 51 enflurane-anesthetized rats by the hydrogen clearance technique during eucapnia, hypercapnia (arterial PCO2 65 Torr), and hypoxia (arterial PO2 40 Torr). CBF increased twofold in both hypercapnia and hypoxia from eucapnia. Intracortical (ic) NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 100 microM-5 mM) attenuated both the hypercapnic and hypoxic dilations by 60-70%, and L-arginine (300 mg/kg iv) partially reversed these effects. Glibenclamide (10 microM ic) and L-NMMA gave no further attenuation of the hypoxic dilation than L-NMMA alone. Cromakalim (10 microM, ic) increased CBF in eucapnia, but this was not seen in the presence of glibenclamide. The adenosine antagonist 8-phenyl-theophylline did not attenuate the hypoxic dilation. This suggests that NO synthesis plays a major role in the regulation of CBF in hypercapnia and hypoxia. But the combined effects of glibenclamide and L-NMMA do not further attenuate CBF in hypoxia.
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PMID:Effect of L-NMMA, cromakalim, and glibenclamide on cerebral blood flow in hypercapnia and hypoxia. 757 35

1. The aims of this study were to compare in the rat isolated perfused lung preparation, the dilator actions of nicorandil, pinacidil and nitroglycerin on the hypoxic pulmonary pressure response with or without hypercapnic acidosis and to investigate the possible involvement of K channels and EDRF in these effects. 2. Isolated lungs from male Wistar rats (260-320 g) were ventilated with 21%O2 + 5%CO2 + 74%N2 (normoxia) or 5%CO2 + 95%N2 (hypoxia) and perfused with a salt solution supplemented with ficoll and gassed with 40%CO2 + 60%N2 to produce hypercapnic acidosis. Glibenclamide (1 microM), charybdotoxin (0.1 microM), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) and methylene blue (30 microM) were used to block KATP channels, KCa channels, EDRF synthesis and guanylate cyclase, respectively. 3. Hypoxic pressure response was significantly increased by hypercapnic acidosis (+115%, P < 0.001), L-NAME (+111%, P < 0.001), methylene blue (+100%, P < 0.05) but not by glibenclamide or charybdotoxin. In contrast none of these inhibitors affected the hypoxic hypercapnic acidosis response. 4. Nicorandil, pinacidil and nitroglycerin caused relaxation during the hypoxic pressure response and hypoxic hypercapnic acidosis response. Nicorandil was more potent in the latter. Glibenclamide inhibited the relaxant effects of nicorandil and pinacidil but not those of nitroglycerin during hypoxia alone. In contrast, glibenclamide inhibited the relaxant effects of the three drugs during hypoxia + hypercapnia. Charybdotoxin inhibited the relaxant effect of pinacidil during normocapnia and hypoxia but not those of nicorandil or nitroglycerin. Methylene blue inhibited partially the dilator response to pinacidil but did not modify the effects of nitroglycerin or nicorandil. 5. It is concluded that in the rat isolated lung preparation, EDRF limits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction but not hypoxic vasoconstriction potentiated by hypercapnic acidosis, whereas KATP or KCa channels are not involved in either case. Nicorandil and pinacidil dilate pulmonary vessels mainly through KATP channels but the effects of pinacidil may also involve an additional mechanism of action through KCa channels. Finally it is suggested that nitroglycerin may partly exert its relaxant effects through KATP channels.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of nicorandil, pinacidil and nitroglycerin on hypoxic and hypercapnic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused lung of rat. 864 7

Carbon dioxide is an important regulator of vascular tone. Glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP)) activation, significantly blunts vasodilation in response to hypercapnic acidosis in animals. We investigated whether glibenclamide also alters the cerebral and ocular vasodilator response to hypercapnia in humans. Ten healthy male subjects were studied in a controlled, randomized, double-blind two-way crossover study under normoxic and hypercapnic conditions. Glibenclamide (5 mg po) or insulin (0.3 mU. kg(-1). min(-1) iv) were administered with glucose to achieve comparable plasma insulin levels. In control experiments, five healthy volunteers received glibenclamide (5 mg) or nicorandil (40 mg) or glibenclamide and nicorandil in a randomized, three-way crossover study. Mean blood flow velocity and resistive index in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and in the ophthalmic artery (OA) were measured with Doppler sonography. Pulsatile choroidal blood flow was assessed with laser interferometric measurement of fundus pulsation. Forearm blood flow was measured with venous occlusion plethysmography. Hypercapnia increased ocular fundus pulsation amplitude by +18.2-22.3% (P < 0. 001) and mean flow velocity in the MCA by +27.4-33.3% (P < 0.001), but not in the OA (2.1-6.5%, P = 0.2). Forearm blood flow increased by 78.2% vs. baseline (P = 0.041) after nicorandil administration. Glibenclamide did not alter hypercapnia-induced changes in cerebral or ocular hemodynamics and did not affect systemic hemodynamics or forearm blood flow but significantly increased glucose utilization and blunted the nicorandil-induced vasodilation in the forearm. This suggests that hypercapnia-induced changes in the vascular beds under study are not mediated by activation of K(ATP) channels in humans.
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PMID:Hypercapnia-induced cerebral and ocular vasodilation is not altered by glibenclamide in humans. 1084 37

Mechanisms by which Pco2 controls cerebral vascular tone remain uncertain. We hypothesize that potassium channel activation contributes to the neonatal cerebrovascular dilation in response to increases in Paco2. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed on newborn pigs with surgically implanted, closed cranial windows. Hypercapnia was induced by ventilation with elevated Pco2 gas in the absence and presence of the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide and/or the KCa channel inhibitor, paxillin. Dilations to pinacidil, a selective KATP channel activator, without and with glibenclamide, were used to evaluate the efficacy of KATP channel inhibition. Dilations to NS1619, a selective KCa channel activator, without and with paxillin, were used to evaluate the efficacy of KCa channel inhibition. Cerebrovascular responses to the KATP and KCa channel activators, pinacidil and NS1619, respectively, cAMP-dependent dilator, isoproterenol, and cGMP-dependent dilator, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), were used to evaluate the selectivity of glibenclamide and paxillin. Glibenclamide blocked dilation to pinacidil, but did not inhibit dilations to NS1619, isoproterenol, or SNP. Glibenclamide prior to hypercapnia decreased mean pial arteriole dilation ~60%. Glibenclamide treatment during hypercapnia constricted arterioles ~35%. The level of hypercapnia, Paco2 between 50 and 75 mmHg, did not appear to be involved in efficacy of glibenclamide in blocking dilation to Paco2. Similarly to glibenclamide and KATP channel inhibition, paxillin blocked dilation to the KCa channel agonist, NS1619, and attenuated, but did not block, arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia. Treatment with both glibenclamide and paxillin abolished dilation to hypercapnia. Therefore, either glibenclamide or paxillin that block dilation to their channel agonists, pinacidil or NS1619, respectively, only partially inhibit dilation to hypercapnia. Block of both KATP and KCa channels completely prevent dilation hypercapnia. These data suggest hypercapnia activates both KATP and KCa channels leading to cerebral arteriolar dilation in newborn pigs.
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PMID:Contributions of KATP and KCa channels to cerebral arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia in neonatal brain. 2516 76