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Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Continuous measurement of the intratracheal pressure and capnography are very simple and accessible methods for the detection and recording of the oculorespiratory reflex (ORR). Eight healthy children (five to 14 years old) undergoing strabismus surgery under halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation were studied. The ORR was evoked by traction on the extrinsic muscles of the eye (four medial recti and four lateral recti). Slowing of the respiratory rate and/or shallow respiratory movements were observed in each patient. One patient developed apnoea of 20 seconds duration which forced the use of manually controlled ventilation. Intravenous atropine (0.01 mg.kg-1) reduced the incidence of positive OCR (to 37.5 per cent) but did not diminish the incidence of the ORR (100 per cent). Since the ORR may lead to hypercapnia and hypoxaemia, controlled ventilation is recommended for patients undergoing strabismus surgery at least immediately before and during the muscular traction. It is now clear that the ORR may be evoked by traction on the extrinsic muscles of the eye, may produce hypercapnia and hypoxaemia and so, may aggravate the consequences of the OCR.
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PMID:The oculorespiratory reflex revisited. 316 31

A new method for the detection and recording of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is described and applied to 49 healthy infants and children (six months to nine years old) undergoing strabismus surgery under halothane anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation. Eighty-one extraocular muscles were studied. Square wave stimuli (abrupt and sustained tractions) were definitely more reflexogenic than slow slope stimuli (very gradual, progressive and gentle tractions). Vagal escape, as well as fatigue of the OCR, are graphically documented and analysed. In this series, using well-defined and controlled tractions, the medial rectus was not more reflexogenic than the other extraocular muscles. Hypercapnia was an important adjuvant factor of the OCR. Controlled ventilation is recommended. The routine use of intravenous anticholinergic drugs is briefly discussed. Prevention of the OCR, and prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias during strabismus surgery, now seem to be placed on a more rational basis.
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PMID:The oculocardiac reflex: a graphic and statistical analysis in infants and children. 687 77