Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since February 1990, five children, aged 10 days to 6.5 years, were treated with extracorporeal lung support at our hospital for acute, unrelenting pulmonary failure. Two had viral pneumonia: one with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, and one with herpes simplex virus pneumonia, encephalitis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. One presented with a febrile illness followed by a pulmonary hemorrhage. Two patients had adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicating severe systemic illnesses, toxic epidermal necrolysis in one and cat scratch disease with encephalitis in the other. All children had diffuse parenchymal lung disease by chest x-ray. On maximum medical management all patients were developing carbon dioxide retention and progressive hypoxemia, exceeding previously established NIH study criteria for extracorporeal treatment. Three children (10 days, 2 months, 13 months) were placed on venoarterial support and two children (20 months and 6.5 years) were placed on venovenous extracorporeal support (ECCO2R). Three of the five had open lung biopsies performed, which showed findings consistent with a moderate to severe cellular phase of ARDS. No viral inclusions were found in the patient with RSV infection. One hundred percent immediate survival was achieved in this patient population. Average duration of support was 330 hours (range, 89 to 840). Following completion of extracorporeal support, all children were successfully weaned from the ventilator with an average time to extubation of 23.2 days (range, 2 to 58 days). One child died of congestive heart failure following palliative surgery for a complex noncyanotic congenital cardiac lesion 35 days after successfully weaning from extracorporeal support for an acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Treatment of acute pulmonary failure with extracorporeal support: 100% survival in a pediatric population. 132 87

To evaluate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on reflex apnea elicited by application of water on the laryngeal mucosa, 11 healthy, term lambs were chronically instrumented at 2 wk of age. Six lambs were inoculated with bovine RSV, and five lambs were mock-infected. The lambs were studied awake and unsedated before and 4, 8, 14, and 21 d after infection. RSV infection was associated with slight rhinorrhea and with moderately increased tracheal mucous discharge. There was an average increase of 0.5 degrees C in body temperature. Arterial pH, PO2, and PCO2 remained within the normal range. The ventilatory response to laryngeal chemostimulation measured as the percentage of decrease in ventilation from control was significantly (p less than 0.05) larger among the infected animals when compared with controls on d 4 and 8. There were no differences in indices of respiratory drive (airway occlusion pressure and mean inspiratory flow), ventilatory response to hypoxia (0.10 fraction of inspired O2), or hypercarbia (0.03 fraction of inspired O2). We speculate that RSV infection alters the sensitivity of the laryngeal chemoreceptors so that a prolonged or even fatal apnea may result from stimulation of these receptors. These results may be relevant to the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome associated with RSV infection.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus infection reinforces reflex apnea in young lambs. 157 Feb 5

During the 1987 through 1988 seasonal peak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 177 courses of ribavirin were administered at St Christopher's Hospital for Children, a tertiary care medical center in Philadelphia, Pa. Charts were reviewed on 100 treated patients with proved or suspected RSV disease to determine adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics treatment guidelines. Ninety-four percent fulfilled criteria for the risk of significant morbidity: cardiac, pulmonary, or immunodeficiency conditions (38%); an age of 6 weeks or younger (35%); or severe illness (21%). Severe illness was defined as hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or marked tachypnea. Of those treated because of underlying conditions, 71% had RSV documented, as did 71% of patients aged 6 weeks or younger and 81% of patients with severe disease. A study of 80 consecutive patients who were hospitalized with illness compatible with RSV infection revealed that 56% of patients were treated with ribavirin. Adherence to guidelines led to ribavirin use in half of the hospitalized patients with suspected RSV infection. The majority of these patients received therapy because of underlying conditions or very young age.
 ...
PMID:Impact of treatment guidelines on use of ribavirin. 239 11

During the course of a 3-year epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in an Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, we examined premature neonates for the clinical features of RSV infections and the risk factors predisposing towards transmission of the disease. Seventy-nine infants with a median gestational age of 31 weeks were tested in 113 episodes of clinical deterioration for the presence of RSV antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions. Forty-seven results were positive and 66 negative. Bradycardia, which is gestational-age dependent, was the main presenting clinical symptom of an RSV infection in 75% of cases. The probability of an RSV-positive result in an episode with bradycardia, hypercapnia and fever was calculated to be 0.75. The only identifiable epidemiological risk factor was the total number of symptomatic RSV-infected infants in the ward. CONCLUSION. Bradycardia may indicate the presence of an RSV infection: the appropriate tests should be carried out and infection control reinforced immediately.
 ...
PMID:The clinical picture presented by premature neonates infected with the respiratory syncytial virus. 858 3

We describe 4 nonconsecutive cases of infants admitted to Catholic University pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of complicated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during winter RSV outbreaks from the year 2000 to the year 2003. A hyponatremic epileptic status (as in the first case) has been reported by several authors as a rare RSV complication, potentially leading to death. The second infant developed a serious pulmonary edema after a subglottic obstruction (croup) associated with RSV infection. The remaining 2 infants developed a pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema while breathing spontaneously during an RSV bronchiolitis. In all infants, a full recovery and PICU discharge was achieved despite the need for mechanical ventilation in cases 1 and 2. Increased intrapleural negative pressure or its combination with hypoxia/hypercapnia has been suggested as the common factor possibly joining these different clinical pictures.
 ...
PMID:Sharing features of uncommon respiratory syncytial virus complications in infants. 1691 26

Clinically obvious reasons why children with neurological impairment (NMI) may be more severely affected in case of a viral respiratory tract infection include reduced vital capacity due to muscular weakness or spastic scoliosis, disturbed clearance of respiratory excretions (weak coughing and dysphagia), inability to comply actively with physiotherapeutic interventions, recurrent micro-aspirations (gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting related to coughing), a history of frequent exposure to antibiotics and health care institutions, colonization with resistant pathogens, impaired immunologic defence mechanisms due to severe malnutrition and cachexia, and early clinical deterioration in case of high fever with metabolic acidosis and hypercapnia, and maybe associated seizures or febrile convulsions.Data from the literature suggests that in all children with NMI, who have to be hospitalized with severe clinical deterioration due to an airway infection, at least one specimen of nasopharyngeal secretions should be sent as soon as possible to a virologic laboratory to detect viral pathogens. Children with severe NMI and those mechanically ventilated for other reasons being hospitalized during the RSV season must be strictly protected against nosocomial RSV infection by means of standard and droplet precautions. Finally, children with severe NMI and age below 24 months of life should receive passive immunization with palivizumab following international recommendations.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with neuromuscular impairment. 2226 88

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis causes severe respiratory tract infection in infants, frequently necessitating mechanical ventilatory support. However, life-saving, mechanical ventilation aggravates lung inflammation. We set up a model to dissect the host molecular response to mechanical ventilation in RSV infection. Furthermore, the response to induced hypercapnic acidosis, reported to dampen the inflammatory response to mechanical ventilation in non-infectious models, was assessed. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RSV or mock-suspension and ventilated for 5 h on day 5 post inoculation. Mechanical ventilation of infected mice resulted in enhanced cellular influx and increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar space. Microarray analysis showed that enhanced inflammation was associated with a molecular signature of a stress response to mechanical ventilation with little effect on the virus-induced innate immune response. Hypercapnic acidosis during mechanical ventilation of infected mice did not change host transcript profiles. We conclude that mechanical ventilation during RSV infection adds a robust but distinct molecular stress response to virus-induced innate immunity activation, emphasising the importance of lung-protective mechanical ventilation strategies. Induced hypercapnic acidosis has no major effect on host transcription profiles during mechanical ventilation for RSV infection, suggesting that this is a safe approach to minimise ventilator-induced lung injury.
 ...
PMID:Host response to mechanical ventilation for viral respiratory tract infection. 2249 21