Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020440 (hypercapnia)
 7,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of sustained constriction of the rib cage (RCC), constriction of the abdomen (AC) and of breathing against a positive pressure of 10 cms of water (PPB) were studied in four normal subjects with moderate constant hypercapnia. Intercostal electrical activity (Eic) was measured by implanted wire electrodes and diaphragmatic electrical activity (Edia) by oesophageal electrodes. There was no fixed relation between Edia and VT. VT was unaltered during AC and RCC: Edia was unaltered during AC but increased during RCC. The response to PPB without constriction varied: three subjects increased end-expiratory VL with increase in Edia and inspiratory Eic. One subject initially, and one subject after training, maintained end-expiratory VL constant with no change in Edia and an increase in expiratory Eic. When PPB was applied during AC and RCC there was an increase in Edia proportional to end-expiratory lung volume. The overall response to distortion was determined by voluntary choice, but muscle electrical activity reflected chest wall configuration: when the diaphragm was shorter and at a mechanical disadvantage its electrical activity increased. This was compatible with a reflex with afferent information from diaphragm tendon organ and muscle spindle receptors.
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PMID:Muscle activity during chest wall restriction and positive pressure breathing in man. 36 29

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is extremely rare in pregnant women. However, this is one of the most reported urologic tumors during pregnancy. The aim of this review was to evaluate RCC during pregnancy in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, natural history of disease, and the safety of laparoscopic approach in the management of this tumor. RCC presentation is frequently made incidentally during an ultrasonography performed for other reasons, such as hydronephrosis owing to non-neoplastic causes. The optimal time for surgery during pregnancy and the consequences of surgery on the maternal and fetal well-being are major considerations. Risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes should be explained, and the patient's decision about pregnancy termination should be considered. Ultrasound is good in diagnosing renal masses, with a sensitivity comparable to that of computed tomography only for exophytic masses larger than 3 cm. Magnetic resonance imaging is reproducible and a good, though expensive, alternative to computed tomography scans for the evaluation of renal lesions in pregnant women. Radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery are essential treatments for management of RCC. Laparoscopic surgery has historically been considered dangerous during pregnancy and avoided whenever possible, because of concerns regarding surgery-related risks, such as uterine injury, miscarriage, teratogenesis, preterm birth, and hypercapnia. The laparoscopic treatment during pregnancy is becoming increasingly accepted where feasible with low morbidity. However, the combination of a multidisciplinary approach, multi-specialty communication, and skilled surgeons can give the best possible outcomes for mother and fetus.
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PMID:Laparoscopic Approach in Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma During Pregnancy: State of the Art. 3122 31