Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020438 (hypercalciuria)
 2,502 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Urine calcium excretion is known to be directly correlated with the level of dietary protein intake. In this experiment we examined the persistence of the hypercalciuria induced by the consumption of high protein diets, and the mechanism of the calciuric response. In a 95-day metabolic study, each of six adult male subjects received formula diets supplying 12 g nitrogen or 36 g nitrogen, and approximately 1400 mg calcium per day. Urine calcium increased rapidly and significantly from an average of 191 mg/day on the 12 g nitrogen diet to 277 mg/day on the 36 g nitrogen diet. There was no significant difference in the apparent absorption of calcium, so that overall calcium balance was -37 mg/day on the 12 g nitrogen diet, and significantly lower at -137 mg/day in subjects consuming the high protein diet. Levels of urinary hydroxyproline, serum insulin, and parathyroid hormone were not significantly increased by high intakes of protein. A decrease in the fractional reabsorption of calcium by the kidney seems to be the most likely cause of the protein-induced hypercalciuria. The consumption of high calcium diets is unlikely to prevent the negative calcium balance and probable bone loss induced by the consumption of high protein diets.
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PMID:Protein-induced hypercalciuria: a longer term study. 43 6

The elimination of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen was studied in 127 patients with inflammatory joint diseases and )6 healthy controls for 4 days. On the third day, 186 mg of calcium was administered intravenously. Provoked hypercalciuria tests were made in 35 males, 116 females with rheumatiod arthritis (RA), 18 males with ankylosing spondylitis (ASp), 8 postinfectious arthritis (PA) and 18 healthy controls (C). In 120 patients comparison was made between the ratios of eliminated P/hydroxyproline, Ca/hydroxyproline and P/Ca with regards to the results obtained in healthy controls. The kinetics of 47Ca were studied in 7 males with ASp and 4 C. The ratios Ca/P in serum and P/Ca in urine were studied in the same patients and compared with 21 C. The results show that the bone symptomatology of PA manifests itself by elimination of elevated amounts of all of the indicators studied, especially phosphorus. In RA there may be considerable oscillations of flow of urine due to the perspiration of patients. RA differs from decompensated coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis in that the patients eliminate significantly less calcium and phosphorus. Corticosteroids stimulate the elimination of hydroxyproline. Younger patients with RA (25-44) show changes compatible with osteoporosis, older females (45-64) display changes similar to those seen in osteomalacia, the oldest female patient (65-84) appear to have insufficient binding capacity for calcium. The hyposthesis is proposed that at the disease onset RA is characterized by an extremely marked syndrome of osteopathy. ASp is characterized by significantly reduced elimination of hydraxyproline, higher metabolic pool of calcium, lower elimination of calcium in urine and faeces and lower accretion to bone.
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PMID:[Calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen in inflammatory joint diseases]. 84 46

Renal disease was detected in 21 of 56 progeny from a specific line of inbred Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs. Results of hematologic and clinical chemistry examinations revealed that minor differences existed between affected and nonaffected NE dogs. Of 21 NE dogs with renal disease, 3 had persistent glucosuria without hyperglycemia. The 21 affected dogs had impaired ability to concentrate urine. According to renal function tests, glomerular filtration rate of normal NE dogs was less than that of normal mixed breed dogs. Although a few affected NE dogs excreted large amounts of amino acids in urine, statistically significant differences did not exist between normal and affected NE dogs with regard to alpha-amino acid nitrogen content of their plasma or urine. By paper chromatographic separation techniques, free amino acids of plasma, urine, and extracts of liver and kidney were not qualitatively different for mixed breed dogs, normal NE, and NE with renal disease. Statistically significant differences were not detected between serum calcium concentrations of normal and affected NE dogs. In NE dogs with renal disease, there was significant hypercalciuria, but a few normal dogs excreted more than did some dogs with disease. Blood pressure values of normal mixed breed dogs and affected NE dogs were similar. It was concluded that hematologic and blood chemical abnormalities, derangement of amino acid or calcium metabolism, and hypertension were not associated with renal disease in these NE dogs.
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PMID:Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: physiologic and biochemical examinations. 94 38

Sham-operated and parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats were divided into two pair-fed groups, one on a normal mineral intake (0.5% Ca, 0.3% P), the other on a regimen low in phosphorus (0.5% Ca, 0.03% P). P depletion led to a drop in plasma P and urine P, a rise in plasma Ca and a marked rise in urine Ca, a drop in serum magnesium and a rise in urine Mg. The changes were more pronounced in the PTX animals, but final values were the same in both groups. Parallel bone-seeking isotope (85Sr, 177Lu, 237Np) studies in nonablated animals revealed an increase in the urinary nuclide output and in the urine/tibia ratio in P-deficient animals. Normal and primary bone osteocytes decreased and enlarged osteocytes increased as a result of P deficiency; osteoclasts and osteoblasts also increased. Bone composition showed a drop in ash content and a rise in water, with a light decrease in both Ca and P, and a corresponding rise in hydroxyproline and nitrogen in the P-deficient animals. The results are interpreted to mean that P-deficiency in the young growing rat leads to an increase in bone resorption which occurs also in the absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The fact that final values were similar in the control and PTX P-deficient animals suggests that steady-state regulation can also occur without PTH. Because P-deficiency leads to rapid hypercalcemia and rapid marked hypercalciuria, there may exist a mechanism for phosphate regulation which would then supersede Ca homeostasis. The change in serum and urine Mg levels may reflect a decrease in tubular Ca and Mg reabsorption associated with P-deficiency.
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PMID:Phosphorus deficiency, parathyroid hormone and bone resorption in the growing rat. 95 82

A study was undertaken to find our the biological profile of bone symptomatology of decompensated coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis. In a group of 77 patients and in 48 individual patients the levels of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline and nitrogen were studied for four successive days. Calcium was administered by the intravenous route on the third day (186 mg). The results were compared to 16 healthy controls. Analysis was made with reference to the differences in sex, age, stature and anabolic therapy. The products eliminated were referred in absolute amounts to the body surface and to the period of 1 minute. 91 patients and 17 healthy controls were subjected to a provoked hypercalciuria test. Five patients were followed up in a 47Ca kinetic study and its result was compared to the content of Ca/P and P/Ca in serum and urine found in the same patients and in 21 healthy controls. The biological profile was also compared to a group of patients with gonarthrosis and varose deformity and to 127 patients with inflammatory joint diseases. From the results it is assumed that in women with decompensated coxarthrosis and gonarthrosis the syndrome of disease is a bone manifestation which affects the mineral bone substrate and particularly its calcium level. Phosphorus and the organic products of bone (nitrogen and hydroxyproline) of these patients are susceptible to intravenous administration of calcium. In women the metabolism of collagen appears to be more active than that seen in controls, and tends to resemble that of phosphorus. With its lower activity calcium tends to relate to noncollagenic products, such as osseomucoid (glycoprotein, proteoglycan) and osseoalbumoid. In accord with the findings, the patients show a higher miscible pool of calcium (47Ca), and its lower elimination (in urine and stools) and lower accretion to bone. There are a number of factors (sex, stature, age, clinical compensation of disease) that must be taken into consideration when evaluating the results.
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PMID:The study of calcium, phosphorus, hydroxyproline, and nitrogen in decompensated coxarthroses and gonarthroses. 98 58

With the development of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy treatment, the duration of hospitalization for stone patients fortunately has become shorter. However, a detailed analysis of lithogenesis is not possible during such patients' short hospital stays. We prepared a standard diet to be eaten at home for investigation of lithogenesis at the out-patient clinic. This diet was nutritionally well-balanced and contained the following: energy: 2000 Kcal, total protein: 70-75 g, animal protein: 30-35 g, carbohydrate: 510 g, fat and oil: 50-60 g, calcium: 600-630 mg and magnesium: 320 mg. The urine of 24 male patients with stones on a free diet and the same patients after 3 days on the standard diet was analyzed for urea-nitrogen, uric acid, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, citric acid and oxalic acid. The results were compared with those in 17 healthy male subjects who were eating the standard diet (controls). It was found that 66% of hypercalciuria (greater than = 300 mg/day) on a free diet became normocalciuria on the standard diet. The hypercalciuria was therefore thought to be of dietary origin. Moreover, urinary excretion of urea nitrogen, uric acid, sodium and phosphorus by patients remarkably decreased after 3 days on the standard diet, which was not different from that of controls. These results suggest that the standard diet at home is useful in the screening of hypercalciuria and also quite adequate for patients with stones.
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PMID:[Preparation of a standard diet for out-patients in the study of lithogenesis]. 207 1

Male patients with recurrent calcium (Ca) urolithiasis (RCU) with idiopathic hypercalciuria (I-HC, n = 12) or normocalciuria (NC, n = 12), and age, sex, and weight-matched controls (C, n = 12) were evaluated before and after a carbohydrate-rich synthetic meal for blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), alpha-amino-nitrogen, several glucometabolic hormones and parathyroid hormone (PTH), and urine Ca, phosphate, oxalate, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels as well as saturation. Fasting serum Ca was significantly higher and PTH significantly lower in I-HC than in controls, whereas in fasting urine cAMP and phosphate were unchanged. There were only minor differences between fasting blood glucose levels and postprandial glucose tolerance of RCU patients and controls. However, serum insulin was significantly elevated in I-HC versus C, but serum C-peptide, plasma glucagon, and somatostatin levels were comparable in RCU and C. FFA were significantly lower in RCU than C. Postprandial phosphaturia and urinary saturation with Ca-phosphates were significantly higher in RCU versus C, whereas urinary cAMP, pH, and oxalate were similar. We conclude that: (1) in RCU patients some postabsorptive steps in glucose metabolism may be abnormal; (2) those with I-HC have enhanced postprandial Ca and phosphate excretion concomitantly with disordered insulin metabolism; and (3) RCU patients may suffer from a postprandial renal phosphate leak, which may make their urine more lithogenic.
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PMID:Blood levels of glucometabolic hormones and urinary saturation with stone forming phases after an oral test meal in male patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium urolithiasis and in healthy controls. 257 28

Enhanced calcium and phosphorus retention was achieved in 16 very low birth weight infants (birth weight 1117 +/- 42 g, gestation 29 +/- 0.2 weeks) fed a preparation of fortified human milk augmented with calcium lactate and monobasic and dibasic phosphate salts. Measurements of growth and macronutrient utilization were similar to those obtained in a previous study of infants fed a preparation of fortified human milk that contained lower levels of calcium and phosphorus. However, unlike the relative hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, and hypercalciuria noted in the infants in our earlier study, normal serum and urine phosphorus and urine calcium values were observed in this study. Postnatal calcium and phosphorus retentions correlated significantly with respective intakes, the absorption of fat, and the retention of nitrogen. The relationships among calcium and phosphorus intake and retention predict that 160 mg/kg/d and 94 mg/kg/d, respectively, must be fed to achieve retention equivalent to intrauterine estimates. Although postnatal retention of calcium and phosphorus may be increased to levels accumulated by the fetus, technical considerations for the preparation of a formula with sufficiently high levels of calcium and phosphorus must be resolved.
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PMID:Improved mineral balance in very low birth weight infants fed fortified human milk. 334 87

Five healthy young men were studied during 24-30 wk of continuous bed rest. During the first 12 wk of bed rest, untreated subjects increased calcium excretion in the urine by 109 mg/day and in the feces by 147 mg/day. The rate of total body calcium loss was 0.5-0.7% per month. Losses of central calcaneus mineral, assessed by gamma ray transmission scanning, occurred at a tenfold higher rate, whereas the mineral content of the radius did not change. Changes in phosphorus balance resembled the calcium pattern, and increased excretion of nitrogen and hydroxyproline also occurred during bed rest. Upon reambulation, the subjects' calcium balance became positive in 1 month and recovery of their calcaneus mineral was complete within 10-20 wk. Treatment with potassium phosphate supplements (1327 mg P/day) entirely prevented the hypercalciuria of bed rest, but fecal calcium tended to increase. During the first 12 wk, calcium balance was slightly less negative (mean - 193 mg/day) than during bed rest without added phosphate (mean - 267 mg/day). This effect was not seen during the second 12 wk of bed rest. The patterns of magnesium excretion were similar to those of calcium. Fecal and urinary phosphorus excretions were doubled, and phosphorus balance became positive (+ 113 mg/day). Mineral loss from the central calcaneus was similar to that of untreated subjects. It is concluded that this form of phosphate supplementation reduces urinary calcium excretion but does not prevent bone loss during bed rest.
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PMID:The effect of supplemental oral phosphate on the bone mineral changes during prolonged bed rest. 512 4

Clinical and biochemical data were obtained from 50 patients in whom stones form and 20 controls to set up and test a screening procedure for detecting metabolic abnormalities related to the formation of urinary calculi and to provide a preliminary estimate of the frequency of these disorders in our area. A comparison between patients in whom stones form and controls in terms of the quantitative biochemical parameters evaluated (serum calcium, uric acid and inorganic phosphate, and urine calcium, uric acid, inorganic phosphate, oxalic acid, xanthine and alpha-amino-nitrogen) showed a significant difference only with respect to excretion of urinary oxalate by adults, which was higher in patients in whom stones form. Metabolic disorders were detected in 15 adult patients with stones. Of these patients 9 had isolated hyperoxaluria, 3 had incomplete renal tubular acidosis, 1 had idiopathic hypercalciuria, 1 had heterozygous cystinuria and 1 had idiopathic hypercalciuria associated with heterozygous cystinuria. These results suggest a high frequency of metabolic abnormalities in patients in whom stones form in our area, so that the wider use of the screening used here may benefit a large number of patients with preventive and therapeutic measures.
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PMID:Metabolic factors in urolithiasis: a study in Brazil. 742 May 93


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